Compare and Contrast Composers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Compare and Contrast Composers - Essay ExampleHe started to play the guitar and sing at a very early age when he started to sing with the church choir. The choir-master was J. M. Franck who began to teach the little boy and soon he chose Haydn to sing in St. Stephens Cathedral. As he entered his teenage years, his voice had started to crack and left the choir by force. After he was left to fend for himself he earned money as a composer, euphonyian and teacher. His talent and teaching attracted many of the students who wanted to learn more about music, and soon he rented an attic where he started a established musical program. In these years he composed divertimenti and string quartets which were the styles of music at that time (Grave 34). In 1761 Prince Paul Anton Esterhazy appointed Haydn as the Vice-Kappellmeister of his stimulate offstage musical institution. With this opportunity Haydn did experiment many combinations of instruments and vocals with freedom. After the death o f the prince, Haydn was appointed by Johann Peter Saloman who was a violinist from London and soon he became the or so successful composer ever seen. He composed hundreds of compositions and that gave a new and ever lasting effect to the classical music. His quartets initiated a new art that is still hot today. Bob Dylans background and involvement in music Robert Zimmerman was the name given to Bob Dylan by his parents. He was born in Minnesota and played out his childhood years in listening to blues and the country stations on radio. He was thus attracted to rock and roll so he create many bands while was in high school. He also performed many songs of Elvis Presley in Golden Chords. His interest in rock and roll music also gave a way to the American folk music. For him he said that rock and roll music was not enough as it did not hypothesize the realistic features of life. With folk music he got the chance to get into a more serious thing as the songs were filled with despai r, sadness, and faith and deep feelings (Shelton 142). fleck he was in university he became involved in the Dinkytown folk music circuit. During those days he started calling himself Bob Dylan as influenced by Dylan Thomass poetry. Dylans early songs like The Times That Are a-Changin and Blowin in the Wind became the anthems of the Civil Rights and anti-war movements. His song Like a Rolling Stone created new parameters in popular music. He used electric instruments in his recordings. On the other hand Haydn was called the Father of the String Quarter and Father of the Symphony due to his share to these forms of music. He also played a part in developing the piano trio and the evolution of sonata form. Characteristics of music Haydns music Both the composers had their own way to compose their music. They created a new era in the music industry through the use of their instruments, materials, talent and thought. Haydns music was a divers(prenominal) type of genre which was popular at that time. He gave a new look to the classical music by developing huge structures out of candid and short musical motifs. His work marked the development of the sonata form and he was fond of music that established similar dominant and opening themes. He also initiated the double variation form in classical style

My Neighbor Has Guns Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

My Neighbor Has Guns - Essay ExampleBased on these statistics, thither has been an pattern of reducing violence by restricting guns. However, the issue generates immense contr oversy in the country. For example, some opines that there should be control on guns as they winding to increased rate of violence. On the other hand, others believe that the increased rate of violence calls for increased gun ownership in the society as it go out help give protection. In United States, closely of the private citizens own handguns. For example, statistics shows that, in 1990, there were over 200 million guns in private give of which a third were handguns (Kleck 1). Various reasons resulted to increased gun ownership in the 1960s to 80s. First, there was increased gun ownership in the country was the constitution of new households and growing wealth enabling gun owners to get more guns (Kleck 1). Second, there was increased rate of crime among people who previously had no patronage for gun s. Ownership of guns in the neighborhood and homes should be regulated as it leads to unintended accident, intimidation, increased rate of violence, and abuse by weak in society. Guns promote weaker adversaries to attack stronger ones (Kleck 1). Therefore, there should be tight restriction on gun ownership and operation. This occurs as the weak and vulnerable finds it easier to commit a crime that would have been stark difficult to carry out, or physically or emotionally difficult (Kleck 1). In incident, guns make the individuals involved having impression that they wield considerable influence that cannot be matched by anyone else. The attacker feels having greater power as compared to the victim. Moreover, gun might make it possible for the aggressor to feel that the planned attack will be advantageous to the points that the victim would not be able to counteract its effect (Kleck 1). Furthermore, the aggressor may have a feel that the victims accumulate enough concern that wo uld make it impossible for them to strike back even if they have physically capability (Kleck 1). Therefore, this relates to the statistics that show that women attack men mainly by use guns (Kleck 1). Moreover, there is more likely that an individual will attack a group rather than a group attacking an individual. Likewise, the immense courage to attack is gained from the fact that one attack from a distance. Moreover, guns lead to unintentional accidents in both homes and neighborhood. Some of the accidents may lead to death or injury of an individual with fateful consequences. For example, a gun may go off and shoot a family member, and this may lead to guilt and emotional breakdown. A survey carried out from 3003 to 2007 showed that over 500 Americans were killed per year unintentionally with firearms (Hemenway 2). In fact, more of the deaths occurred in homes. Moreover, most of the victims were below 25 years and family or friends accidentally shot the victims (Miller, Hemenwa y and barber 1). Consequently, most of the accidental shootings deaths in the homes are due to guns kept in the home. There appears that accidental gun deaths are more vulnerable in areas with more guns (Miller, Hemenway and Barber 1). The result correlates with the statistics that show that accidental firearms deaths are high in states with a high level of guns ownership (Hemenway 2). Moreover, increased access to guns by children leads to

The rate of catalase action Essay Example for Free

The treasure of catalase run EssayI bring forth to wear goggles, prevent any accidents that screw wrongfulness my look I have to make sure I handle all told the glassware carefully I have to handle the total heat hydrogen peroxide in truth carefully because it is very toxic Method 1. Set up the experiment according to the diagram 2. Measure 10 cm of catalase (celery juice) 3. Measure 10 cm of Hydrogen Peroxide 4. Pour the catalase into the conical flask 5. Fill the burette with water 6. Pour the hydrogen peroxide into the conical flask and close the tilt and start the timer 7. Record the volume of gas split upn off every 10 seconds ()8. Mix hydrogen peroxide with pure water to give the following percentage of parsimoniousness of acid 100%, 80%, 60%, 40% and 20% 9. Repeat 1 8 using the 100%, 80%, 60%, 40% and 20% hydrogen peroxide 10. Repeat the whole experiment three times to frig around a more reliable resolve 11. Plot graphs for each concentration -volume of ga s quested against time 12. Draw best-fit lines Diagram Analysis After I have done the experiment, I have got the results 1st result Time (Seconds) Volume of gas collected when there is 100% of H O (cm ).Volume of gas collected when there is 80% of H O (cm ) Volume of gas collected when there is 20% of H O (cm ) 1. 5 2. 6 3. 7 5. 0 6. 2 7. 5 8. 6 9. 6 Now I am going to draw the graphs volume of gas collected against time. The graphs shows a curve best-fit line that means whenever the concentration affixs, the volume of gas that was collected in the given time increases but the volume of gas collected increase at a slower rate at the end. The 100% concentration ca-cad the most oxygen in the shortest time, which gives it a higher re follow through rate than the others.According to the graph, it has proven my prediction is correct. The highest concentration would produce the most oxygen in the shortest time. The volume of gas collected increases at a slower rate at the end because the towards the end, there are less(prenominal) substrate and enzyme left, so it takes longer to react and releases the gas(oxygen). The rate of reaction is a measure of how fast the reaction takes turn up. A reaction will take place when the particles of the reacting substances collide with each other and a fixed amount of energy called the activation energy is reached.If a collision between particles can produce equal energy (i. e. if they collide fast enough and in the right direction) a reaction will take place. This is called the Collision Theory for rates of reaction. Concentration of the substrate increases, the greater the rate of reaction will be because higher concentration means a higher number of particles in a given volume. If there are more particles, there will be more reaction. More reaction means a larger number of successful collisions. Therefore the catalase action rate will increase. Also, the particles are closer together, so they can collide more often.The m ore often they collide, the chance of reaction happening increases. So the catalase action rate increases. Evaluation I think the results are very good that I can use them to support what I predicted at the beginning. I besides have enough evidence to support my conclusion. The points on my graph are not very close to the best-fit line which is due to the large scale I use, so the gap seems to be bigger. But the points let me draw reasonable best-fit lines and they also show the pattern I expect. I think I can still rely on the results because they show the general pattern for each concentration.I know my results are reliable because they fitted my prediction and it also enables me to explain the similarity between concentration and rate of catalase reaction. Also, I repeated my experiment three times to obtain the results, so I know they are reliable. The appropriate setup I used, increases the accuracy of the results. I think my experiment is quite successful as I can collect r esults that help me to draw some faithful graphs except there are a few anomalous points. I think this happened because 1) I did not close the bung quick enough and some gas leak out which cause a decrease in the readings2) I did not use the same celery each time because 1 celery does not provide sufficient catalase for the whole experiment which can cause increase or decrease to the readings 3) The temperature is slightly different as I did the experiment in three different days which can cause increase or decrease to the readings I think there is a stop way of doing it that is to have a tap at the top. When I open it, the hydrogen peroxide will drop down into the catalase and I do not need to put the bung on because the bung is put on top of the tap which means no gas will leak out.Also, when I time it with a stopwatch, it will not be as accurate as using computers to time because human has reaction time that will increase the time taken and this will make the experiment less a ccurate. I can do the experiment in this way For this experiment, I have used celery as a source of catalase, other than this I can use potatoes or liver that may affect the time taken to collect gas, as they are different. Further experiment Planning Apparatus A 50cm conical flask with a bung A burette Clamps and stand sales talk tube Container 10cm measuring cylinder A stopwatch. 20 vol of hydrogen peroxide Potato tubes (catalase) Safety control I have to make sure all the school bags and chairs are under the table, in case I trip over I have to wear goggles, prevent any accidents that can damage my eyes I have to make sure I handle all the glassware carefully I have to handle the hydrogen peroxide very carefully because it is very toxic Method 1. Set up the experiment according to the diagram 2. Measure 10 g of catalase (potato juice) 3.Measure 10 cm of Hydrogen Peroxide 4. Pour the catalase into the conical flask 5. Fill the burette with water 6.Set up the light sen sor and the computer 7. Turn on the tap and start the computer at the same time 8. Record the volume of gas given off every 10 seconds (10s, 20s, 30s, 40s, 50s, 60s, 70s and 80s) 9. Mix hydrogen peroxide with pure water to give the following percentage of concentration of acid 100%, 80%, 60%, 40% and 20% 10. Repeat 1 9 using the 100%, 80%, 60%, 40% and 20% hydrogen peroxide 11. Repeat the whole experiment three times to get a more accurate result 12. Plot graphs for different concentration- volume of gas collected against time 13. Draw best-fit lines 14.

Focus group discussion Essay Example for Free

Focus multitude discussion EssayThe research enforced two centralise hosts to represent the student population universe evaluated. Each commission group is comprised of four students with one moderator in charge of the discussion and although it was mentioned that the target number of students for the taper group would be seven, only four students from each group attended the session. The students that were sampled had all previously delectationd or had the necessary experience in manipulation weathervane 2. 0 applications particularly wikis, blogs, social networking technologies (MySpace, Friendster, etc. ) and other Web 2. 0 applications that were used by the students.For the beginning(a) part of the discussion, the group focused on introductory remarks particular on how they utilize web 2. 0 applications. Both groups were asked the question (as a discussion opener) on how do they enjoy spending their stop time in the internet. According to group 1, half of the grou p indicated that they had very limited time when online because of the budgetary constraints and thus they are more than apt to utilize all of their time in using web 2. 0 applications for learning purposes.On the other hand, the other half of the group expressed their fondness of being able to enjoy chat while online with their friends and browsing through forums for information (whether education or non-education related information). One park trait for all the participants of the first group is their enkindle in reading and searching for subjects that interest them with the use of web 2. 0 applications.It is interesting to note that, previously they had mentioned that they were utilizing information only or web 1. 0 applications for information but with the influx of web 2.0 applications, they had found it easier to use and more apt to their style of finding information (Hinchcliffe, 2006). Being that web 2. 0 applications are more interactive and provides a venue for two-way communication, they are able to ask questions, search for groups or communities with their desired information.For the second group, it was indicated that the members of the group with the same background utilize their spare time by chatting online with their friends, particularly with the classmates as some of the members of the group are schoolhousemates and are friends.They are able to make out information particular to current blogs and subjects that interest them as a whole. With this they are able to find information faster as they are able to dowry insights with each other. In addition, they are able to utilize their spare time while online by browsing through subjects often referred to by their classmates within the focus group. Being that they are also previously acquainted with each other, they are able to use web 2.0 applications at the same time, often during school breaks where they are able to meet with each other and share community sites such as blogs and wikis th at highlight their favourite and desired information. This adds to the value of web 2. 0 applications being a very communal information technology tool it is able to impersonate together people with the use of the internet and information put together. As a follow up to the first question, every member of the two focus groups were asked of their level of familiarity with respect to web 2. 0 technologies.Level of familiarity is define as the ability of these students being evaluated to first identify with web 2. 0 technologies, their level of being able to proficiency in utilizing such tools and their capacity to use such tools in aspects of their daily lives such as interaction with society, learning and education (Hinchcliffe, 2006). The first group explained that there are familiar with the most common web 2. 0 technologies online. Noted web 2. 0 applications such as blogs, community forums and Wikis were identified the most by the users.The respondents in group one in general expressed their feelings that Web 2. 0 applications have been already been there in our daily lives even before it was formalized as Web 2. 0 technologies. As one respondent explains, Web 2. 0 technologies have been present for a considerable amount of time already and have been used as a means of providing and transferring information between each other. However, with the formal induction of these technologies as Web 2. 0 technologies, further improvement and interest was accorded to it, thus the influx of users and it was more and more integrated into society.Forums for example have existed for a considerable amount of time yet only recently has it been given so much interest and improvement that it has started to occupy a considerable amount of societys online daily lives (Anderson, 2007). For the second group, they had indicated what Web 2. 0 applications are but have niggling or no idea of it whatsoever. The students on the other hand had already used web 2. 0 applications suc h as social bookmarking, calendaring, image sharing, collaborative authoring, video sharing and social networking tools but had not identified under one umbrella such as Web 2.0 technologies (OReilly, 2005). Students under this group were able to identify that they had used Wikis and Rallypoints as a tool to share information with their classmates in their classes but were not aware that these tools were considered as Web 2. 0 technologies. On the other hand, one of the students under this group had expressed that she had a rough understanding of what Web 2. 0 technologies is however had not taken into devotion the other Web 2. 0 technologies existing.

Business Plan For Patel Electric Scooter Marketing Essay

military control Plan For Patel voltaic car Scooter marketplaceing EssayPATEL electric automobile Scooters go forth offer quality using upd voltaic iceboats and galvanising water iceboat split to a releaseing market of electric ice yacht hobbyists.PATEL galvanic Scooters ordain sell in the altogether and second-hand electric icebreakers as fountainhead as accessories, such as jackets, boots, jeans, helmets, waxing crossways, childrens clothing, and sp bes. It every(prenominal)ow also fixate and attend electric scooters.Additional function such as insurance whitethorn be provided.Why ar electric scooters better than gas wholenesss? Environment tout ensembley Friendly Zero tailpipe emissions. Save the planet Lower Operating Costs slightly 1/20th of gas equivalents. And since gas prices continue to rise, this gap will only widen. Plus, most electrics require little or no maintenance. Quieter Usage electricals argon extremely quiet, with no loud noisy en gine, which means they bed be used in areas which require quiet, such as corporal walkways between buildings of an might campus. Cleaner Operation No gas, fumes, or smokes to deal with. Youll smell better. More Reliable Fewer moving separate for less maintenance and less that quarter break. Reduced Oil Dependence The more electric motors we use, the less we depend on gas motors, and hence the less oil your country depends on.In the beginning, Patel electric scooters will offer excellent value for the first scooters. These will not bust the customers budget as 50 to 75 percent of the cost for doctors and modifications will be reduced due to experienced riders and the quality parts that will be used.Sales of scooters continue to rise as they are seen as an break up to m either traffic problems they take up less space on the road, emit fewer harmful gases and are far cheaper to run than cars. Demand for touring and specialiser scooters has also attachd.Traffic schemes, which al modest electric scooters, mopes and motor scooters to use their own lanes to ease congestion, are likely to become more widespread.PATEL Scooters will specialize in scooter rentings for leisure and corporate travelers at discount prices. PATEL Scooters will offer a rental rate that is guaranteed to be the lowest among all scooter rental companies.This is PATEL Scooters commitment to customer satisfaction.Scooters are more efficient then cars in many ways they have better fuel efficiency, go at low maintenance and have lower operating costs .And also the insurance is available for a cheap price of $30-$50 a year.The targeted customers for business will be ab bulge out 12 d0 students from Connecticut State (USA). And so the word of the customer service will eventually spreadThere a lot of students who use the public transport to due the problem of finding parking spaces. As the public transport offer very few options we are expecting the economical moped and car services will come i nto action very quickly.There are a lot of students who sacknot afford to misdirect a car or moped but they can afford to rent a car or a moped for $50 a month or can chip in for to rent one car together.Connecticut Scooters would purchase used scooters for less than $1,000 and lease them out.Patels connection with the electric scooter community and the growing demand for quality used electric scooters and electric scooter parts will make PATEL Electric Scooters one of the most popular shops in the city.ObjectivesThe objectives of PATEL Electric Scooters are Capture the majority of the used electric scooter business in the Connecticut State. give a good quality service for less.a survey will be conducted for measuring customer satisfaction repeat customers will be the targeted customers for surveys. Primary goal will be to extend to 45% of bread margin in first 2 years.MissionThe mission of PATEL Electric Scooters is to become the primary resource for used electric scooter par ts in Connecticut.Ways of SuccessThe key ways of success for PATEL Electric Scooters areRepeat customers Satisfaction.Maintaining the price, quality and time beyond customers expectation.Joining experienced professionals and pose them together to work in a team.Secure and busy location near by University.As supplier play main role in any business, so establishing a supplier network become a necessity.Somehow business also depends on employee moral behavior, so rewarding them at their success, is a step ahead in customer satisfaction direction.Company SummaryPATEL Electric Scooters will offer quality used electric scooters and electric scooter parts to a growing market of electric scooter hobbyists. The shop will purchase used and damaged scooters as hygienic as used electric scooter parts.Company OwnershipPATEL Electric Scooters is owned by Sumitraben PatelStart-up ExpensesA electric scooter sales, repair and servicing business costs will vary con aspectrably, depending on service s provided. By selling electric scooter parts, riders who undertake their own repairs will be attracted. The exposit must be big enough to display several large scooters plus accessories. An existing business could be purchased, with established nature and customer goodwill, etc. Electric scooter Trader Directory lists suppliers of machines, components, extras, auctioneers, etc, with contact names and addresses.Initial and current costs could involve A range of electric scooters, scooters, mopeds, etc. A large range of accessories, clothing, spare parts, etc. A tool kit ($300-$700). Spot welder ($200). Paint stripping equipment (from $50). Other equipment, e.g. scales ($250), brake tester ($3,700-$4,750), headlamp tester ($495). Electric scooters lift ($520-$1,300). Paddocks substructure ($150). Tire fitting equipment, e.g. tire changer ($1300-$1600), wheel balancer ($1500-$1900). Mig welder (from $350). Manuals. advancement. Staff. Insurance.Start-up SummarySumitraben Patel will invest and also secure a $20,000 loan. The focus of the initial inventorying will be on engine and electrical parts. The source of these parts is electric scooter hobbyists who sell the parts in order to purchase bring up parts for their own electric scooters.The following table and chart show projected initial start-up costs for PATEL Electric Scooters.Legal $1,000Stationery etc. $500Insurance $500Rent $1,000Display Equipment $3,000Expensed Equipment $5,000 issue forth Start-up Expense $11,000Start-up Assets NeededCash Balance on Starting Date $24,000Start-up Inventory $45,000Total Assets $69,000Total Requirements $80,000Funding InvestmentSumitraben Patel $80,000Total Investment $80,000Total anticipated annual turnover for first year $250,000Total anticipated annual net profit $112,500ProductsWe believe it is important to have quality electric scooters at a low cost, and will back each cycle with a 30 sidereal day limited warranty. Our club will make a profit by generati ng sales. It will provide job satisfaction and decorous compensation to its employees, and a fair return to its owners.Hard work and performance is rewarded through bonuses and commissions. Job satisfaction is very important for employees and owners we will create a work environment that is enjoyable and profitable for all.Why are electric scooters better than gas ones? Environmentally Friendly Zero tailpipe emissions. Save the planet Lower Operating Costs or so 1/20th of gas equivalents. And since gas prices continue to rise, this gap will only widen. Plus, most electrics require little or no maintenance. Quieter Usage Electrics are extremely quiet, with no loud noisy engine, which means they can be used in areas which require quiet, such as corporate walkways between buildings of an index campus. Cleaner Operation No gas, fumes, or smokes to deal with. Youll smell better. More Reliable Fewer moving parts for less maintenance and less that can break. Reduced Oil Dependence The more electric motors we use, the less we depend on gas motors, and hence the less oil your country depends on.Electric scooters are more preferable because they Scooting desires are fulfilled Easy and quick, fun making local errandEnvironmental friendly period saves some bucksConvenient advert to point transportationSolves problem of parking and helps with shortcutsBrings more fun and freedom in ones life.In comparison to gas-powered scooters, electric scooters bring better advantages for transportation as well as recreation.Comparing to gas-powered scooters, electric scooters are allowed in train plane bus etcReduction of Noise as well as air pollution. alimentation is lowered due to use of simple electric motors.Quick and better response when starting or climbing on hill.Many times electric scooters are purchased as a toy, still they have long life as transportation.1.(a) rules of safety while riding scooters. Riders do no duck out of the traffic irresponsibly. Friends should n ot let friends ride scooters when drunk. Riders should not ride at tall speeds on the sidewalk. People should not let inexperienced riders ride soaped-up scooters. Riders should pull through in mind that pedestrians always have the rightfulness to pass first. Responsible parents should be sure that their children wear proper safety gear when riding scooters.PATEL Electric Scooters offers the following products Used Electric scooters These cycles have been inspected and occasionally reconditioned in order to offer the customer the best value. Used Parts These quality parts include engine parts, bodywork, gas tanks, electrical parts, frame, and chassis wheels and brakes.Used Electric scootersWe will have at times 20 to 50 used electric scooters.Electric scooter crash repairsPATEL Electric Scooters offers a complete range of electric scooter crash and damage repair servicesFuel Tank mitigateDamaged fuel tanks dent will be repaired by using needed stud gun which welds dent area with draw pins, with the use of side hammer the dent will be pulled, by these way it makes possible to remove dent without drilling or filling.After that area will be cleared by a thin coat of glazing surface, block sand, and then high premier quality coat will be added.When it dries, tank gets supple for wet sand and final base color coat which gives a perfect finish.Plastic Repair and Welding.We will Repair plastic body parts that are costlier, like parts having scathes, cracks etc plastic welder and rods will be used of best quality to repair cracked parts.Surety for qualityWe get one C percent guarantees when the parts are perfect. And there will be no sign of damage.We will occasionally be able to repair damaged break away fiberglass. We will recommend replacing the with new parts if the body work has moderate to heavy damage. parts.It takes hours get a heavily damaged part into the right shape so that it can be painted. And if the job is not dome properly the paint will look ug ly and we are very bully on having a good painting job done. The money spent on the repair of a heavy damaged part will be twice the cost of a new part and secondly the part will always have the mark of the crash or the signs of hairline cracks around the upgrade holes.The cost to repair a less damaged part is the cost of a new part. In such cases we recommend to get it repaired rather than tack it.Electric scooter Insurance RepairsWe will handle insurance repairs and claims to get your electric scooter back in perfect shape. All repairs will be done using factory OEM replacement parts where needed. Pick-up will be available by appointment.Electric scooter Insurance Repairs and Claim HandlingPATEL Electric Scooters will work with you and your insurance company. We handle everything from writing your repair estimate and handling your insurance claim to picking up your crashed electric scooter.The insurance repair process will work as followsOnce an scooter arrives at the Patel el ectric scooters it will be inspected for any crash damages and a elaborated written document will be made that will cover all the all the damages that occurred before the scooter arrived.We call the insurance company once the estimate of the repairs is complete they will then send an claims adjustor to our shop to compare our estimate to theirs.Once the estimate has been approved by the adjuster and gives the acclaim for the estimate after that only will the insurance company sand us the payment for the Upon approval of the estimate by the adjuster, he will submit approval of payment to the insurance company.Factory oem replacements will be ordered for every part that need replacements for the scooter to get ready for re assembling when the the new parts arrive.Market Analysis SummaryThe traditional customers of a electric scooter retailer are young males. The exit of riders taking basic fostering has risen, largely due to an increase in the number of older riders (25+). They may or may not have had scooters before, will buy for leisure purposes and also tend to buy higher price scooters which have higher profit margins for the retailer.They will be car owners, and being used to service from the car market, will want to buy from clean, smart dealerships. Higher prices could be charged, as they will generally be willing to pay for a high level of service and will have a higher disposable income to spend on accessories.Women are an increasingly important customer group, as the number of female riders rises. Customers are becoming more demanding of good service, back-up and information provision, so keeping ahead of the competition will involve rigorous training for employer and provide in order to keep abreast of new technology in the market.Only a small proportion of the population owns a electric scooter, therefrom there is still a large potential market for sales. The number of full electric scooter licenses held in this country far exceeds the number of scooters on the road, so it is not essential to target new riders. It may be possible to persuade lapsed riders to take up the hobby again.There is also a business sector. As roads become more clogged, car speeds in cities are decreasing significantly, and a electric scooter courier exertion has ramp uped. In such conditions scooters are substantially faster. The police and paramedics have begun to use more electric scooters for the same reason. A shop could develop a consanguinity with a commercial or public sector customer, taking on supply and upkeep of a fleet of scooters.Some of the larger electric scooter dealers have suffered over the last year as consumer demand has decreased. Electric scooter dealers usually have multi-franchises links with several manufacturers rather than selling the product of one manufacturer, as happens in the car dealership market. However, developing links with a manufacturer can be very difficult. Manufacturers are trying to increase profits, and this usually means developing and assisting existing successful franchise outlets. Most areas are now well covered for dealerships. Competition also includes the car market. condescension environmental concerns, for most people the car is still the first choice for independent travel.Over the past ten years, riding has developed an entirely new customer base among baby boomer men, ages 40 to 65. Last year, electric scooter sales for this age group were twice that of young men, ages 18 to 25. These two groups represent 80% of electric scooter sales. In Connecticut State, electric scooter sales exceeded $36 million in 2009 and sales are predicted to grow by 10% this year.The demographics suggest that there is a large market for used electric scooters and electric scooter parts, especially among experienced scooters. This is particularly important because the experienced customer will seek out a shop where the owner has a reputation for quality and service in the electric scooter community.Market SegmentationPATEL Electric Scooters will focus on two customer groups Male baby boomers, ages 40 65. Young men, ages 18 25.Competitive likenessThe suppliers have the lot of power in negotiating and setting of the prices of the products on the shop. This is a fact that the suppliers earn the most money form these kind shops and companies. It is consolidate that the repair industry have the deepest pockets and a a limit numbers of substitute customers. Finally there are the only most important suppliers to Connecticut electric scooters industry.Market TrendsThe market demand for electric scooter sales, repair and service industry has been relatively stable over the past decade.However, the average price per scooter has seen a steady increase, especially within the last five years. These more expensive scooters have, on average, much higher repair costs per vehicle than any older scooters. This has upset the short-term equilibrium of the industry and given incentiv es for new firms to enter the market. placement and Implementation SummaryThe location of a electric scooter sales, repair and services business is very important in attracting customers. A site close to the centre of town will be easily affable to potential customers in all areas of the region. Being located near public transport routes will make it convenient for customers to use alternative forms of transport while their electric scooter is being serviced. Early and evening opening hours will accommodate those customers who need to drop off their electric scooters on their way to work, or collect them afterwards.Good presentation of the shop and staff will be useful for attracting repeat business. Neat premises and helpful, friendly staff will indoctrinate confidence in customers and further promote the business through word of mouth recommendation. To target customers in the local area, advertisements can be placed in local publications. Listings in directories will be useful , e.g. the Yellow Pages. Advertising periodical special deals on certain types of repair work in the local newspapers, is another(prenominal) option.Some parts suppliers offer promotional support programs for independent garages in return for stocking only their products. Often these packages include signage, point of purchase support real(a) as well as advertising support. An increasing number of businesses are advertising their services on the Internet.Competitive EdgeSumitraben Patel, owner of PATEL Electric Scooters is one of most respected and best known Business man in Connecticut, she also own three motels in different parts of United States.Marketing StrategyPATEL Electric Scooters will establish and maintain close links with a electric scooter rider training company. Licensing requirements mean most learners will look first for a rider training company they may not approach a dealer until they have passed their test.A good reputation is essential. If the business establis hes a reputation for a friendly, knowledgeable and helpful service, new riders (including women and older riders) will be encouraged to trust and buy from it in an ongoing relationship. There are many electric scooter exhibitions and festivals these are a good place to meet customers and others in the trade.Advertising will be undertaken check to the target market. The majority of active motorcyclists in the US read a electric scooter magazine all of which have a Product and work Guide, plus adverts from dealers. Listings in the Yellow Pages and local business directories will be worthwhile.Local electric scooter clubs will be contacted to inform them of the services.Sales StrategyPATEL Electric Scooters will open with a Customization Show and Competition. During the first month of operation, PATEL Electric Scooters will offer a 15% discount on all purchases over $50. Sumitraben will also offer a standard 10% discount to members of the citys seven electric scooter organizations. t rouble SummaryBhagvat Patel will like the daily operations of the shop under sumitraben patels supervision.Yakub and zahgir are two motorcyclist specialist, will be handling all repairs, where there salary will be 1250/month for each.Besides Sumitraben Patel, PATEL Electric Scooters will have three additional employees.Strategic DirectionSWOT AnalysisThis is a summary of the businesss most important strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats.Strengths of the BusinessExcellent quality productWhich means that Adds to reputation.Good management skills.Which means that Well run businessGood ability to extract information.Which means that back control the business.-Weaknesses of the BusinessNew Player.Which means that Credibility problem may affect initial salesLack of systemsWhich means that The Company needs to develop systemised operational sales techniques or sacrifice profitsOpportunities in the MarketplaceAdd-on products such as **Which means that A potentially enormous ma rket for PATEL electric scooters to tap into.Growing market segments.Which means that PATEL electric scooters should target these segments.Threats in the MarketplaceIncreasing supplier prices.Which means that Resulting in reduced profitability.Declining size of it of the ** segment.Which means that Need to focus on growing segments to spread the companys portfolioThe Actual Plan (annually)Business ObjectivesCorporate Objectives (Goals)Short Term CorporateTo reach a sales level of $250000To achieve profit level of 45%Marketing Objectives (Goals)your product1 Segment To achieve sales to $300002 Segment To achieve sales to $600003 Segment To achieve sales to $700004 Segment To achieve sales to $90000New ProductsTo evaluate and launch new products or services which will turn over $120000 in the first year.Other Objectives (Goals)To not exceed a marketing budget of $4800To not exceed a paysheet budget of $42000To not exceed a general overhead budget of $21360The major task objectives for each area of the organization, together with responsibilities and timings are detailed in the Roll-Out Plan.Marketing PlanMARKETING OBJECTIVESSales Objective To achieve sales by 45%Sales Objectives by Market Segment.1 Segment To achieve sales to $300002 Segment To achieve sales to $600003 Segment To achieve sales to $70000PROMOTIONAL STRATEGIESPrint AdvertisingDevelop a corporate brochure.Advertise in local publicationsAdvertise monthly in magazines that are specifically targeted to the ** and ** segments.Advertise monthly in magazines that are aimed at the general industry. go on Generation ProgramConduct monthly on-going lead generation program. Send out monthly direct mail leaflets with response coupons. Qualify leads and make appointments by using telemarketing staff.Centres Of Influence ProgramPersonally contact at least ten potential partners each week. fetch a monthly newsletter that shows examples of (your products) and how customers have benefited from using them.PR Pr ogramPR release to be initiated each month to various trade journals and magazines.Sales ForceEmploy telemarketing staff.Implement a new structural program for the sales force, allocating sales reps to accounts and segments rather than area.Organize training program to be implemented.Lost CustomersContact monthly all past customers that have not re-ordered to ask why not and see whether we can win back their business.Follow up EnquiriesContact all enquirers monthly and determine if they have purchased from a competitor and, if so, why.Existing CustomersFollow up all new customers two weeks after they purchase to ensure they are satisfied with the product.Send quarterly newsletter to existing customers to keep them informed of our other products.Try and up-sell all enquiries for our standard range to our premium range.Sales PromotionDevelop an ongoing sales promotion to target existing customers.GENERAL MARKETING STRATEGIESCompetitor ProfileKeep updated competitor profile.Marketing i nformation systemDocument on every enquiry How did you hear about us?Document on every order How did you hear about us?Produce monthly sales reports by product, by market segment, by territory and by sales representative.Financial PlanFINANCIAL Next Years Objectives dismiss Profit To achieve forecast net profit of $112500.Budget To not exceed the following expense budgets.Marketing Budget $ 4800Payroll Budget $ 42000Management Overheads $ 21360FINANCIAL STRATEGIESCash FlowEliminate cash shortage in the traditional tight periods of December to JanuaryCollection DaysReduce the average assembly days from 30 days to 15 days.Payment DaysMaintain payment of bills, on average, to 20 days.ExpensesDevelop and implement new policies on approval and signatories on expenses.LeasesPay off the existing lease on PATEL equipment, thus reducing the monthly financial burden.WagesPay all wages on a monthly basis instead of weekly.InventoryImprove the number of stock turns to 30000 a year.RentNegotiat e new terms on the premises and reduce existing payments by 10%Organizational PlanORGANISATIONAL AND MANAGEMENTNext Years ObjectivesBudget To not exceed the payroll budget of $42000 kind-hearted RESOURCE STRATEGIESOrganizationalDraw organizational chart.Develop incentive scheme related to job requirements.Policies and proceduresDevelop policies and procedures manual.Employ telemarketers.TrainingCarry out training needs analysis.MoraleInstall suggestion box.Organize monthly meetings to follow up tasks

Machines vs. Human Workers

Machines vs. Human WorkersIntroductionIn the recent past, technology has evolved to such an extent that military personnel being race labour has either been replaced either parti bothy or substitutely by instruments. battalion, companies and giving medications have turned to research on machines as a possible replacement of human labour by. There have been postulations that machines make piece of unravel easier. Work which was supposed to be d ace by several people can be d peer slight by tot eithery sensation person who is direct a machine. For example, a company has employed twenty people to be leading almost bags from point A to point B. If this company gets a machine with a conveyer belt to run from point A to B, the company leave behind only need one person to operate the machine and the comparable motion which was supposed to be done by twenty people will be done by one person. This fact has made most of the organizations to twinge technology and employ to a g reater extent(prenominal) machine labour than human labour with a view of cutting down the woo of production and at the self similar(prenominal) time increase the efficiency of execution done. This paper examines the effects of machines on human labour and how they interact. (Oscar, 2010).The need to make production similar in all aspects of the organization was a major problem facing most of the producers. Producers wanted to produce goods and services which were similar with one a nonher. However, human labour was truly different. People have different characteristics and behave differently in the same situation. This is also reflected at the work place. Two different people given the same work will non produce exactly similar ensues. This became an issue and the first solution was the development of protocols which would guide human beings in labour. These protocols would serve as guidelines to the workers in an attempt to produce similar results. However, the strategy did not yield actually good results as expected. There was an increase in the administrative labour postulate of organizations. In addition, in that location were a megabucks of conflicts between the laborers. The white color laborers and blue color were always in conflict. In addition, the companies could not produce the same goods. Research showed that the only way to produce similar products was by the use of a machine which led to the advent of machines. Although the first machines were not as move as the current ones, the machines replaced human labour partially. With time, a machine could do the work of very many people and thus reducing the need for human labour (Clay, 2010).Loss of EmploymentAs mentioned above, machines have significantly squinchd the need for human labour. Machines make work easier. With the advent of machines, an individual using a machine can cause work which would have needed several people to carry out. A machine will only need one person to operate it and then carry out duties which needed many people. An example is the transport industry. Initially, gymnastic supplys used to be the main means of transport. Each horse would need one individual to transport a person. However, the horses have been replaced by vehicles, planes and trains. These machines have entirely replaced the need for horses and their operators. For one horse, one operator was needed and only one person could be transported. Currently, a train can carry one grand people and with only one operator. In the normal case, menu of one thousand people would have needed one thousand operators of the horses. However, the train has replaced the rest of nine hundred and ninety nine operators rendering them jobless.Machines carry out their functions with a lot of efficiency. Machines ar continuously improved to work hot and become much efficient. Machines carry out the functions of human beings at relatively higher renovate as compared to human beings. In the tr ansportation of goods from one place to an early(a), a machine can move at a speed which is one thousand times more than the human being or even more. The implication of this is that work which would have needed one thousand long time of human labour will only need one day of machine labour. As a result, the machine will replace one thousand days of human labour with one day of human labour. An individual would have worked for a thousand days without the machine. This is thus reduced to just one day. If only two thousands day equivalent of human labour was available, the person will only work for two days only making him or her jobless for the rest of the remaining days (Penslar, 1995).The combination of the fact that a machine can carry out work of several individuals at the same time and do work double-quick than humanity makes it displace human beings effectively. A machine will perform a certain duty faster than human beings and at the same time perform duties of several huma n beings at the same time. Most organizations will opt to use machines which will reduce the cost of operation by reducing the number of people needed for the job. Machines are therefore being a favorite for most of manufacturers. They will pervert and install as many machines as possible so as to minimize human labour as much as possible. The end result will be a situation where very few people are needed for the running of an organization plot the rest of the people are replaced by machines.Advancement of CapitalismMachines reduce the need of the company management of employing human workers. The organization will only need to buy a machine and then the organization will not pay human beings salaries and wages. The money which was supposed to be paid as wages and salaries is maintained by the organization as profit. Thus, the machines will divert the money which was supposed to be given to several people to the pocket of one individual. The owner of the organization will incuba te increasing his profit while the rest of the people who would have served as employees to the organization continue acquiring poorer as they do not have an income. The income for more than a thousand people will end up going to one person. This means that the people who have the capital to buy machines are more likely become rich while those without capital will become poor.Companies will invest more in buying technology. The organizations will buy software product program which is for replacement of the administrative duties of the human beings. Software will be designed such that it can perform most of the administrative duties in the organization. This makes the software very expensive and thus making the organizations which make such software benefit much from them. The result will be a boom in the software manufacturing industries. Thus, organizations and institutions which train people on the skills of performing certain job will become obsolete. An organization, for exampl e, training people on the way to ride a horse for transport will become useless as no one will need such people. The machines are thus replacing the need to convey certain skills. The training institutions for such skills will therefore not be needed and the people employed in those institutions become jobless.Replacement of Human Beings with Robots separate of the functions of human beings has been replaced by machines and robots. In some cases, the functions of human beings have been replaced completely. For example, in the transit of goods in production from one section to another has been replaced completely by the robots. These robots are able to move the goods at very high speed from one region to another without any delays. The machine will work without toil and thus can work for even twenty four hours per day. Some of the robots will need the stimulant drug of human beings as a controller while others will not need such a controller. Depending on whether the robot needs h uman control or not, there can be complete replacement or partial replacement. Robots which need some human control are better because they do no replace completely the human labour. However, some machines and robots will replace humans completely since they need no human input in their running. They are just programmed and thus run without needing any input from human being.There however some instances in which human labour are very essential. An example is the medical field. Although there have been a lot of advances in medicine, it has become almost impossible to replace human labour with robots (Peterson, 2010). In the diagnosis, robot cannot accurately make a diagnosis. Even with advancement in technology in the medical field, there is no machine which is intelligent enough to carry out the functions of the doctor. Thus, although the machines are taking over most of human functions, there are some of the functions which the machine cannot perform (Williamson, 2000).Human beings have an advantage than robot in that they are intelligent. Human beings are able to take and adjust according to the situation. For example, during an operation, a human being is able to feel the force of pulling a suturing thread and estimate the need for applying more or less energy. However, a robot can easily cause damage because it does not have the feedback mechanism which human being has making it not appropriate for the performance of the specific functions which need a lot of intelligence. Human beings can look at a situation and think on the best(p) way forward (Sheila, 2006). However, a robot or a machine will perform a certain duty in the same elbow room in all the cases making it not very appropriate for tasks which need thinking (Stevenson, 2010).Advantages of Machines over Human BeingsMachines have very many advantages as compared to humans. First, machines perform work faster than human beings. Machines have a very high efficiency and they perform certain tasks a t a faster rate than humans (Penslar, 1995). As outlined above, a machine can perform work which human being can take a thousand days in one day. This makes it efficient for the performance of most of duties especially where the time is a limiting factor. An organization will employ machines which will enable it produce a lot of goods or services within a short duration of time. With a machine, an organization will be able to beat all the deadlines and train that there are no delays to their customers.Machines have an advantage that they do not get exhausted. As opposed to human labour, most of machines can work for a full day without getting fatigued. This makes them be able to perform tasks which need to be performed throughout. For example, a lift can work for twenty four hours without getting exhausted. This makes it appropriate for use in the buildings. If it were a human being he or she would not be able to withstand the work and would eventually tolerate control. A machine is also not governed by the laws of labour concerning its working hours as opposed to the human beings who will only work for eight hours per day and any hour above that will be paid as overtime. Machines will not have overtime.Machines are not paid. Although their acquisition is very expensive, they do not need to be paid a salary or a wage. They do not need allowances like human beings. This makes them very cost effective. The money which the organization would have used as salaries forms part of the profit. The organization reduces its cost of production by a high percentage as the machines will replace the need of human labour and thus making it cheap for the organization to operate. The only expenses for the machines are its acquirement and its maintenance which is far much less than what would be the cost of paying employees if they were the ones working.Machines are able to products which are similar. A machine will operate in the same way and will not vary with time. Where i t has been adjusted, it produces the goods with that standard. This is very important especially in mass productions where the organization needs to produce a lot of goods which are similar with one another. It makes it easier to judge the quality of the goods since just a sample is needed and it acts as a representative of the rest of the products. The sample is a true representation since the machine produced goods which were all the same. For example, in the packaging of oil in the oil cans by ExxonMobil, all the cans contain the same volume and quality of oil as long as the settings were not altered. Thus when someone wants to tests the quality of goods being produced, he or she will just need to test one product.Machines are not threatened to corruption. Corruption is gaining root in most of the places especially in the third world countries. To reduce this corruption, machines are employed. A machine will apply one standard to all situations regardless of whatever situation presents. This is as opposed to human beings where a brother or a friend may contact favors of the person in charge. For example, in the automated betting systems, the machine is able to decide without bias who has won which is opposed to a situation where a human being is in control and therefore will be biased (Thompson, 2003).Disadvantages of Machines over Human BeingsMachines are at times not able to completely replace human beings. Machines are not able to think and conform to the situation at hand (Zainab, 2010). A machine will not be able to adjust according to the situation so as to make it possible for it to do the best at that time. A machine cannot notice that there needs to be a change in the actions since the environment demands a different way of operation. Human beings can adjust to the situation and change accordingly. A machine will only operate on demands and without the commands, the machines will not operate. What the machine or the robot has been commanded wil l form its actions until a different command is given (Ridley, 1998).Machines have reduced the need for human labour. Human labour has lost mean because of its cost and its effectiveness. Organizations sack people and their duties taken over by machines. Employees will lose their way of life and make them baggers. Most people will become jobless as the machines take over all the functions of humans. With very efficient and effective machines being produced, they can completely replace all the functions of human beings in an organization. An organization will depend almost completely on the machine for the labour.ConclusionTechnology has gone to a very high level in the recent years. Technology has concentrated on making work easier and reduces the need for employing many people. This has led to the decrease in the importance of human labour. People have been losing jobs and their duties played by the machines. The machines have the advantage that they are faster and more effective. They enable an organization to meet its deadlines and thus avoid a situation where the organization is not able to carry its duties in time. On the other hand, machines lead to loss of jobs for people and thus making them not have an income.

Environmental impact of the life cycle of tap water with the life cycle of glass bottled water

environmental tinct of the liveliness speech rhythm of splash piss with the sprightliness bike of sugarcoat nursing feeding bottled peeingAbstractIn this report, the disembodied spirit Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology is applied to compargon the spirit circle of smash body of piss and bottled irrigate using the foursome opinion methods. The results of blood line depth psychology and impingement assessment shows that the tap water and glass over bottled water w arion processes play an important role in al close to all of the analysed parameters. The processes that necessitate was examined include production and transferenceation, the quantification of the energy employ and the potential contributions to impingement categories was withal evaluated.It was realised that the glass bottle water production shows a relatively high energy requirement as well as overall higher contribution to environmental encounter in Climate change, ozone layer, Exotoxicity, acidification/eutrophication, respiratory organics, respiratory inorganics, radiation, carcinogens, bring affair and minerals.1IntroductionPresently, industries and businesses ar assessing how their activities affect the environment due to increases environmental aw beness. Also, the Society is becoming more(prenominal) concerned about the issues of innate resourcefulness depletion and environmental degradation and many industries have responded to this awargonness by providing sustain fit products and using sustainable processes. Drinking water is a basic necessity, but how outho economic consumption this basic need be satisfied in an environmentally friendly manner. This analysis compares the holy life cycles/second from the water extraction to serving it up in a glass bottle in a breeding Cycle Assessment (LCA).The systems that have been assessed in this drive are the production of inputs of tap water and glass bottle, transportation, energy used and the manufacturing process. This study was carried out with the use of the SimaPro 7 software for the inventory and interpretation of the analysis.Eco-indicator 99 (l) V2.02/Europe El 99 l/l was used as an assessment method in which the various existents and products are weighted with regard to the impact behaved by them to the environment.2Benefits of conducting lifespan Cycle Assessment* Life cycle analysis encourages a more informed and broader view of the environmental impact of a product. It helps decision-makers select the product or process that results in the least impact to the environment. This information can be used alongside other factors, such as hail and performance entropy to select a product or process.* LCA helps to avoids oecumenicisations about the environmental performance of a product in isolation to its total life cycle. Rather, it openly acknowledges the assumptions made, and tests the set up of the assumptions.* LCA allows producers and consumers to compare relatively, the significance of different types of environmental impacts with caution.* LCA helps to avoid the Shifting environmental problems from one place to another It allows a decision maker to study an entire product system thus, avoiding a sub-optimization that could result if only a single process were the focus of the study. For example, when choosing between two rival products, it may appear that product A is better for the environment because it generates less solid pine than product B. However, after performing an LCA it might be discovered that the first product rattling creates larger cradle-to-grave environmental impacts when measured across all three media i.e. air, land and water e.g. it may cause more firings of chemicals during its manufacturing stage. Therefore, the second product that produces solid more waste may be viewed as producing less cradle-to-grave environmental harm or impact than the first technology due its lower chemical emissions.This might to track and d ocument shifts in environmental impacts of products can help decision makers to encompassingy characterize the environmental trade-offs associated with product alternatives.By conducting an LCA, analysts will be able to* Analyze the environmental trade-offs associated with one or more specific products to help gain stakeholders acceptance for a planned action.* Quantify the environmental emissions to air, water, and land in relation to each life cycle stage and the study contributing process.* Develop an efficient assessment of the environmental consequences associated with a given product.3Challenges encountered in conducting Life Cycle AssessmentPerforming an LCA could be time and resource intensive. Depending on how encompassing the user wishes to conduct, gathering the data can be problematic, and the availability of data can greatly impact on the accuracy of the final results. Therefore, it is important to consider the availability of data, the time required to accomplish t he study, and the financial resources prerequisite against the anticipated benefits of the LCA. Table 1 below shows the general challenges of LCA.Table 1The general challenges and difficulties of LCA methodology.Goal definition and scopingIn conducting an LCA, the cost may be prohibitive to small firms also, the required time to conduct LCA may exceed product development constraints especially for short development cycles the temporal and spatial magnitude of a dynamic product system are complex to address definition of functional units for the evaluation of design alternatives can be problematic allocation methods used in defining system boundaries have inherent weaknesses complex products (e.g. automobiles) entails huge resources to analyse.Data collectionAvailability of data and access can be control e.g. proprietary data data quality, including bias, precision completeness and accuracy ,are frequently not well addressed.Data EvaluationSophisticated models and model parameters for evaluating resource depletion, human health and ecosystem, may not be available or their ability to represent the product system may be repulsive. Thus most times, uncertainty analyses of the results are often not conducted.Information transferDesign decision-makers often lack knowledge about environmental set up, and aggregation and simplification techniques may distort results. implication of environmental effect categories is limited because they are incommensurable.According to (Keoleian, 2003)Both cost and time constraints currently limit thepractice of LCA. Most small companies are not apparent to be able to afford specializing in LCA and even for larger firms, the benefits of investment in LCA may not be apparent immediately. In some cases, execu tabulate cost savings may not be identified unless full cost accounting systems have been instituted.Therefore, in other for it to be more cost effective, it should be incorporated into the existing environmental management system and information systems within a firm.Also, LCA will not conclude on which product is the most cost effective or works the best. Therefore, the information developed in an LCA should be used as one component of a more comprehensive decision process in assessing the trade-offs with cost and performance, an example is Life Cycle Management.4Present quality examples of uses of LCA.One example of the uses of Life cycle assessment is its operation in the pulp and paper industry. Life cycle assessment is used to compare the environmental impact of the use of two kinds of fuel i.e. large(p) fuel oil and natural gas, in the pulp and paper production process.Another, LCA methodology can be applied to agricultural production. An example is the Life cycle analysis of sugar beet production using different forms of nitrogen fertilizers. It could be used in this aspect to quantify and evaluate the impact of the choice of different N fertilisers on the environmental burden associated wit h the sugar beet production system.Also, it could be applied in the bakery industry. An example is the life cycle analysis of bread production by comparing homemade bread or industrial bread. In this context, it could be used to compare the environmental set up of producing bread at home or at the bakery display which type of bread production has less environmental effects and how the environmental effects can be reduced.5Guidance and LCA standardsThere are international standard which help us lowtake LCAs in a standard way. The world-wide Organization for Standardization (ISO) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies) and the ISO technical committees produce international standards on a variety of topics.The ISO 14000 serialThe ISO 14000 series relates to numerous facets of environmental management. These series includes ISO 14040 14043 and they were prepared by the Technical Committee ISO/TC 207, Environmental Management Subcommittee SC 5, Li fe Cycle Assessment. While ISO recognizes that LCA is until now in a growing stage of development, ISO 14040-14043 is a consensus-based, voluntary set of standards pertaining to LCA. ISO 14040 Environmental management Life cycle assessment Principles and simulation Specifies the general framework, principles, and requirements for conducting and reporting life cycle assessment studies, but does not describe the life cycle assessment technique in detail.ISO 14041 Environmental management Life cycle assessment Goal scope and definition and inventory analysis Specifies the requirements and procedures for the compilation and preparation of the definition of goal and scope for an LCA and for performing, interpreting, and reporting a life cycle inventory (LCI) analysis.ISO 14042 Environmental management Life cycle assessment Life cycle impact assessment Describes and gives guidance on the general framework for the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) phase of LCA, and the key fe atures and inherent limitations of LCIA. It specifies requirements for conducting the LCIA phase and the relationship of LCIA to other LCA phases.ISO 14043 Environmental management Life cycle assessment Life cycle interpretation Provides requirements and recommendations for conducting the life cycle interpretation in LCA or LCI studies. It does not describe specific methodologies for the life cycle interpretation phase of LCA and LCI studies.(Dooley, 2002)ISO 140402006 Environmental management Life Cycle Assessment Principles and frameworkPAS20502008 Specification for the assessment of life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of goods and services(Patterson, 2009)These standards set out the general process that should be followed when undertaking any Life Cycle Assessment and are not legally binding or enforceable.6Methodological framework6.1General requirementsThis analysis was performed using a methodological framework based on ISO (International Organization for Standardization) recommendations stated higher up and according to ISO, there are four phases in LCA goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment and interpretation.6.2Goal and scope definition6.2.1 PurposeThe purpose of this study is the identification and assessment of the environmental impacts associated with the production, use, disposal and recycling of tap water and glass bottle water. The chief(prenominal) reason for conducting this study is to compare the environmental impact of the life cycle of tap water with the life cycle of glass bottled water, to provide information on which of production processes has less environmental impact, to understand which of the processing stages account for the highest or last environmental effects and to evaluate how the environmental impacts can be reduced. 6.2.2 Functional Unit (FU)The main purpose of the functional unit is to provide a annexe unit to which the inventory data are normalised. In this assessment, the appropriate fun ctional unit of water is related to 1 kg of portable water to be consumed and the equivalent amount which is 750 grams of water in the bottle6.2.3Study QuestionsThe study seeks to answer the following questions* What are the environmental impacts of tap water and glass bottle production?* What are the different materials used in the manufacture of these two products?* Which of the production processes has less environmental impact?6.2.4 Product descriptionThe products being assessed are glass bottle and tap water. The raw material used in the production of glass bottle are dolomite, sand, feldspar, limestone, silica sand, natural gas, 2 litres of water and electricity while the raw material used in the production of the tap water are water from lakes, water from river and underground water, chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, ozone, oxford grey and electricity.6.2.5 Product system boundariesThe system being assessed produces glass bottle water and tap water using the typical life cycle st ages.* Cradle to material production for glass bottle and reuse.* Treatment and statistical distribution of tap water.6.2.6Process flow chartsThe process flow for the glass bottle is represented in prognosticate 1 below and it includes the following Water, dolomite, soda, limestone, feldspar, sand, silica sand, natural gas, electricity, transport and waste disposal (land filling and recycling).Figure 3The network of the Life cycle analysis of the glass bottled water.Figure 4The network of the Life cycle analysis of the tap water.6.4.2Impact Assessment of the tap water and glass bottle waterThe equivalence is made up of the environmental impact of glass bottled water and tap water. For the glass bottle water, the environmental impact is also determined by the power requirements, the basic infrastructure and in this case, the waste disposal scenario is taken into consideration which involves the recycling of the glass. The power requirements and basic infrastructures includes Electr icity, soda powder at the plant, natural gas, transport, manufacturing of the go off white glass bottle and assembly of glass bottle full of water. The analysis of the inventory carried out for the tap water shows that the environmental impact of tap water is determined by power requirements and by the basic infrastructure i.e. the electricity production medium, the pump station, portable water , water affix network and supply of water. By contrast, the recycling equipment used in water treatment is less relevant in this context. The power consumption figures (percentages) are relatively accurate as they make a 100%. Eco Eco-indicator 99 (l) V2.02/Europe El 99 l/l method was used in this study with regards to all the impact categories.For each of the two systems analysed using the SimaPro 7 LCA software, the potential contribution to climate change, ozone layer, Exotoxicity, acidification/eutrophication, respiratory organics, respiratory inorganics, radiation, carcinogens, land us e and minerals are characterized. The results are presented below in histograms and in tables.Generally there are 3 steps in Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, namely* Classification and characterization,* Normalization, and* system of weightsClassification and characterization are mandatory element while normalization and weighting are optional elements (Guinee, 2002 Hauschild, Jeswiet, Alting, 2005 ISO14000, 2000).6.4.3CharacterisationChart 1The characterisation under impact assessment for the life cycle analysis of the glass bottle.According to the characterisation chart above, the environmental impact is at the waste disposal scenario and nibble of glass bottle full of water but less at the transport process for all the impact categories. Table 4Table showing the characterisation result of the impact category in glass bottled waterClimate change Climate change is the change in the statistical distribution of weather over a period of time ranging from decades to millions of years. From chart 1 above, the main cause of climate change is more evident during the assembly of glass bottle full of water, emission of CO2, NOx, SO2 etc during the waste disposal stages and at the transport stage due to emission of CO2 by the lorry. These are indicated in table 4 above where they contributed 1.49E-9, -5.92E-8 and 1.31E-9 respectively.Ozone layerThe ozone layer is a layer in Earths glory containing relatively high concentrations of ozone (O3). This layer absorbs about 93-99% of the suns high frequency ultraviolet radiation light, which is potentially damaging to life on earth. From chart 1 above, the main cause of the ozone layer is assembly of the glass bottle full of water, emission during the waste disposal stage and the transportation stage. These are indicated in table 4 above where they contributed 3.71E-11, -7.45E-12 and 6.47E-13 respectively.EcotoxicityEcotoxicity refers to the potential for biological, chemical or physical stressors that affects the ecosyste ms. Such stressors might chance in the natural environment at concentrations, densities or levels high enough to disrupt the natural biochemistry, behaviour and interactions of the living organisms that comprise the ecosystem. From chart 1 above, the main cause of the ecotoxicity is assembly of the glass bottle full of water, emission during the waste disposal stage and the transportation stage. These are indicated in table 4 above where they contributed 0.00779, -0.0171and 0.000516 respectively.Acidification/eutrophicationAcidification is a natural process used to describe the loss of nutrient bases i.e. calcium, magnesium and potassium through the process of leaching and their replacement by acidulent elements such as hydrogen and aluminium.Eutrophication is the increase in the concentration of chemical nutrients in an ecosystem to an level that it increases the primary productivity of the ecosystem.From chart 1 above, the main cause of the Acidification/eutrophicationis assembly of the glass bottle full of water, emission during the waste disposal stage and the transportation stage. These are indicated in table 4 above where they contributed 0.022, -0.00425 and 0.000211 respectively.respiratory organicsFrom chart 1 above, the main cause of the respiratory organics is assembly of the glass bottle full of water, emission during the waste disposal stage and the transportation stage. These are indicated in table 4 above where they contributed 2.2E-10, -8.4E-11 and 2.02E-11 respectively.Respiratory inorganicsFrom chart 1 above, the main cause of the respiratory inorganics is assembly of the glass bottle full of water, emission during the waste disposal stage and the transportation stage. These are indicated in table 4 above where they contributed 3.57E-7, -1.56E-7 and 2.94E-9 respectively.RadiationRadiation is energy that travels in form of waves or high-speed particles. It occurs naturally in sunlight and sound waves. If exposed to small amounts of radiation o ver a long time, it increases the risk of cancer and it can also cause mutations in genes, which could be pass on to contemporariess after exposure.From chart 1 above, the main cause of the radiation is the assembly of the glass bottle full of water, emission during the waste disposal stage and the transportation stage. These are indicated in table 4 above where they contributed 1.11E-10,-1.25E-11 and 1.02E-12 respectively.CarcinogensA carcinogen is any substance or radiation, that is an agentive role directly involved in the exacerbation of cancer or in the increase of its propagation. From chart 1 above, the main cause of the carcinogen is the assembly of the glass bottle full of water, emission during the waste disposal stage and the transportation stage. These are indicated in table 4 above where they contributed 1.99E-8,-1.03E-8 and 3.41E-10 respectively.Land useLand use is the modification of natural environment into built environment such as fields, pastures, and settlements . From chart 1 above, the major impact on land use is caused by the assembly of the glass bottle full of water, emission during the waste disposal stage and the transportation stage. These are indicated in table 4 above where they contributed 0.00345,-0.00942 and 0.000176 respectively.MineralsMinerals are naturally occurring solid formed through geological processes with characteristic chemical compositions, highly ordered atomic structure, and specific physical properties. From chart 1 above, the major impact on mineral is caused by the assembly of the glass bottle full of water, emission during the waste disposal stage and the transportation stage. These are indicated in table 4 above where they contributed 0.00586,-0.00357 and 0.00034 respectively.NB From the characterisation impact category, the negative number for the waste disposal stage is caused by the uptake of carbon from the atmosphere during the water disposal scenario.Chart 2The characterisation under impact assessment for the life cycle analysis of the tap water.From the characterisation chart above, the environmental impact occurred at the supply of water stage for all the impact categories.Table 5Table showing the characterisation result of the impact in the tap water6.4.4NormalizationNormalization is defined as the extent to which an impact category contributes to the total environmental burden (Guinee, 2002). When the values are normalized, comparison between impacts can be made. From chart 3 below, It was found that the main impact is from the assembly of glass bottle full of water. The main substances that contributed to this impact are Carbon dioxide, fossil, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, lead, nitrogen oxides, particulates and sulphur oxide emissions that occurred during the manufacturing of the empty white glass bottle. The second impact is the waste disposal, this impact is caused during the waste scenario. The third impact being transport caused due to emission from the lorry t aking the bottles to the retailer.Chart 3The normalisation under impact assessment for the life cycle of glass bottled waterTable 6 The normalisation under impact assessment for the glass bottled water.Chart 4 The normalisation under impact assessment for the life cycle of tap waterFrom the chart 4 above, It was found that the main impact is from the supply of water. The main substances that contributed to this impact are aluminium, chloride and chlorine emissions that occurred during the production of the portable water.Table 7 The normalisation under impact assessment for the tap water6.4.5WeightingWeighting is a process by which indicators are aggregative into a single score. It makes use subjective weighting factors (Soares, Toffoletto, Deschenes, 2006).Based on table 7, the weighting under impact assessment for the life cycle of the glass bottled water is given the same as normalization. The main impact occurred at the assembly of glass bottle full of water. Followed by waste disposal and transport impact.Chart 5 The weighting under impact assessment for the life cycle of glass bottled waterTable 8The weighting under impact assessment for the glass bottled waterChart 6The weighting under impact assessment for the life cycle of tap waterBased on table 8 below, the weighting under impact assessment for the life cycle of the tap water is given the same as the normalization. The main impact from the supply of water. The main substances that contributed to this impact are aluminium, chloride and chlorine emissions that occurred during the production of the portable water.Table 9The weighting under impact assessment for the tap waterConclusion / RecommendationFrom the analysis conducted, tap water contributed the least damage to the environment while glass bottle contributed the highest damage to this category. However, tap water still contributed even at a moderate effect and efforts are needed based on reducing the damages that could happen.Thus, from an e nvironmental point of view, tap water is generally preferable to glass bottled water. If, as an exception, bottled water is consumed, its production process is much more relevant for its environmental impact than its assembly.Among the impacts identified are* The empty glass bottles production process contributes damages to the human health and the ecosystem quality.* The electricity generation process which uses natural gas has reduced the natural resource.To overcome these problems, suggestions of corrections are as follows1. The use of plastic bottles water to replace the glass bottle water2. The reliance on natural gas for electricity generation is suggested to be combined with other two types of renewable electricity generation namely* Using 25% solar energy (considering most manufacturing industries to divert into the use of solar energy).* Using 25% hydro-electric energy 25% considering the fact that electricity could be generated from the flowing water in the water treatmen t plant.* Using 50% natural gas.ReferencesAir pollution information system website (2010) Acidification online operable from http//www.apis.ac.uk/overview/issues/overview_acidification.htm Accessed 12th April 2010British Standard, Environmental management Life cycle assessment Principles and framework. ISO 14040, 2010.Curran (2006) US EPA Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice. US EPA Office of Research and Development NRMRL Sustainable Technology Division.Dooley. R (2001) Life Cycle Assessment Tools to Measure Environmental Impacts Assessing Their pertinency to the Home Building Industry. 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