The Importance Of Tourism And Hospitality Employment Tourism Essay Example

The Importance Of Tourism And Hospitality Employment Tourism Essay The importance of touristry and cordial reception employment in both developed and developing states is attested to by the World Travel and Tourism Council ( WTTC ) , who suggest that travel- and tourism-related activities account for over 230 million occupations, or 8.7 per cent of occupations worldwide ( WTTC, 2006 ) . However, whilst the measure of occupations is unquestionable, the quality of many of these occupations is of great concern to faculty members and policy-makers likewise. Despite the rhetoric of policy-makers and concern leaders that people are the industry s most of import plus, many remain unconvinced that such a position is borne out by empirical grounds. For illustration, Douglas Coupland, the noteworthy cultural observer, has for many captured the Zeitgeist when he talks pejoratively of McJob which he describes as, Alow-pay, low-prestige, low-dignity, low-benefit, no-future occupation in the service sector. Frequently considered a fulfilling calling pick by peo ple who have neer held one ( Coupland, 1993: 5 ; and see besides Lindsay and McQuaid, 2004 ) . MacDonald and Sirianni ( 1996 ) acknowledge the challenges of life and working in a service society which, harmonizing to them, is characterized by two sorts of service occupations: big Numberss of low-skill, low-pay occupations and a smaller figure of high-skill, high-income occupations, with few occupations being in the center of these two extremes. Such a state of affairs leads labour analysts to inquire what sorts of occupations are being produced and who is make fulling them. This point is besides true for the touristry and cordial reception industry and it is of import at the beginning of this book to add a caution about the generalizability ( or otherwise ) of the conditions of touristry and cordial reception employment worldwide. To make so it will critically reexamine some of the jobs which lead many to qualify touristry and cordial reception employment as by and large unrewardin g and unsympathetic, whilst besides sing illustrations of good pattern, of import policy responses and theoretical accounts of HRM which may offer cause for greater optimism in the manner people are managed within the touristry and cordial reception industry. What are the touristry and cordial reception industries? Many faculty members, industrialists and policy-makers have attempted to specify the nature of the touristry industry and the topographic point of the cordial reception sub-sector withinthis broader conceptualisation yet there is still no 1 normally accepted definition.Hence, there are built-in jobs seeking to specify what is a big and diverse sector, which means many of the activities may overlap, and could be described as embracing touristry and cordial reception. For illustration, Lucas ( 2004 ) in her recent work on employment dealingss in the cordial reception and touristry industries chose to speak in wide footings about the Hotel, Catering and Tourism Sector ( HCTS ) . This word picture of the HCTS recognizes that, in world, many occupations in cordial reception and touristry, share common properties and are associated with both cordial reception and touristry activities ( p. 4 ) . Clearly, so, we should acknowledge the potency for a deficiency of preciseness in depicting t he touristry and cordial reception industries. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance Of Tourism And Hospitality Employment Tourism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance Of Tourism And Hospitality Employment Tourism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance Of Tourism And Hospitality Employment Tourism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In an effort to avoid excessively much impreciseness and, at the same clip, capture the diverseness of the sector it uses the model offered by Peoples 1st, which is the Sector Skills Council ( SSC ) for the cordial reception, leisure, travel and touristry sector, to represent the wide scope of activities that may be seen in the HCTS. The ground for utilizing People 1st is that SSCs are the government-licensed organic structures in the UK responsible for bettering accomplishments within the industry. SSCs are employer led and amongst other things aim to be the voice of industry on accomplishments affairs and promote best pattern attacks to employment ( and see Chapter 7 for the function of Peoples 1st in bettering accomplishments and preparation in cordial reception, leisure, travel and touristry ) . Therefore, Peoples 1stsuggest that the sector as a whole is made up of 14 sub-sectors ( Peoples 1st, 2006 ) : a-? hotels ; a-? eating houses, tourer services ; a-? visitant attractive forces ; a-? young person inns ; a-? vacation Parkss ; a-? self-catering adjustment ; a-? cordial reception services HRM IN HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY HRM HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM INDUSTRIES aˆ? Attract an effectual work force Hour planning/labour markets Recruitment and choice aˆ? Maintain an effectual work force Wagess and public assistance Labor dealingss ( e.g. the function of trade brotherhoods ) Grudge and disciplinary processs aˆ? Develop an effectual work force Training and development Appraisal Hotel industry The hotel in Hoque s ( 2000 ) research, which is termed the HRM quality foil hotel, employed 140 staff and was portion of a big international concatenation. In relation to their attack to HRM a figure of patterns were outstanding in the hotel. Recruitment and choice emphasized the demand for employees to hold an aptitude for client attention, although this tended to be spotted at interview instead than through psychometric or behavioral trials. The hotel used extended initiation programmes to decrease the potency of employee turnover. The usage of cross-functional squads aimed to bring forth cooperation and squad edifice and staff were encouraged to see the hotel as a unit instead than a aggregation of distinct maps. Allied to this extended multi-skilling and crossfunctionalflexibility was encouraged, this cross-exposure allowed staff to see a figure of the other parts of the hotel. There was extended decentalisation, which sought to promote responsible liberty, for illustration th rough a well-understood authorization strategy operating in the hotel. Consultation via a representative advisory commission allowed employees to voice their positions on the running of the hotel. Further to this audience the hotel besides operated an one-year attitude study. Employees were appraised on a annual footing. The assessment system was used for sequence planning and the hotel was besides working towards associating assessment with a merit-based wage system. Employees were besides encouraged by a strong internal labor market which promoted from within, whenever possible. Finally, throughout the hotel there was an paramount accent on quality and the demand to offer outstanding client service . HARD AND SOFT HRM Equally good as supplying the concise definition utilized above, Storey ( 1987 ) besides provided one of the earliest and most abiding efforts to acknowledge different attacks to HRM. These different attacks are captured by the thought of difficult and soft HRM, each of which are now briefly described. The difficult version is seen to be an instrumental and economically rational attack to HRM. In this position people direction schemes are driven by strategic considerations to derive competitory advantage, maximising control while accomplishing the lowest possible labor cost. This attack is quantitative and calculating and labor is a commodity/resource, the same as any other. The focal point is on HRM. On the other manus the soft version is seen to be much moreabout following a humanistic and developmental attack to HRM. As a consequence anorganization s people direction attack is likely to be more consensual and based on a high degree of managerial committedness to employees, which i s intended to take to common high committedness from employees, high trust, high productiveness and so on. Employees are seen as being proactive, capable of being developed and worthy of trust and coaction. This attack focuses on HRM.What difficult and soft attacks to HRM point to is that employers will change their people direction schemes. BEST FIT AND BEST HRM PRACTICES Boxall and Purcell ( 2000 ) suggest that efforts to understand the manner in which organisations approach the direction of their HR can be seen with respect towhether they aim for best tantrum or best pattern . Best tantrum One of the earliest and most influential efforts to develop a theoretical account that recognized the demand for a tantrum between the competitory scheme and HRM was that offered by Schuler and Jackson ( 1987 ) . Schuler and Jackson developed a series of typologies of needed function behaviors that enabled the nexus between competitory scheme and HRM patterns to be made. The type of needful function behaviors within Schuler and Jackson s theoretical account was contingent on the overall schemes that an organisation could follow to seek competitory advantage and the HRM approached adopted to prolong this. First, there is an invention scheme, where organisations seek to develop merchandises or services that are different from rivals, such that the focal point here is on companies offering something new and different. Organizations following this attack seek to develop an environment where invention is allowed to boom. Resultantly, the employee needed function behavior in such a scenario is characterized by things like a willingness to digest ambiguity and capriciousness, the demand to be originative and hazard pickings. Given these features the type of HRM scheme fluxing from this attack is based on holding a big figure of extremely skilled persons who are likely to bask high degrees of liberty. Second, is the quality sweetening scheme wherein houses seek to derive competitory advantage by heightening the merchandise and/or service quality. The attack one time once more points to certain HRM patterns to back up a total-quality attack. These patterns include the encouragement of feedbac k systems, teamwork, decision-making and duty being an built-in portion of an employee s occupation description and flexible occupation categorizations. The purpose of these patterns is to make needed employee behaviors such as co-operative, mutualist behavior and committedness to the ends of the organisation. Last, the cost decrease scheme sees houses trying to derive competitory advantage by taking to be the lowest-cost manufacturer within a peculiar market section. . Best pattern Whilst statements for best tantrum advocator a close tantrum between competitory schemes and HRM, those in favor of best pattern attacks to HRM suggest that there is a cosmopolitan one best manner to pull off people. By following a best pattern attack it is argued that organisations will see enhanced committedness from employees taking to improved organisational public presentation, higher degrees of service quality and finally additions in productiveness and profitableness, Normally couched in footings of bundles , the HRM patterns that are offered in support of a high committedness and public presentation theoretical account are by and large reasonably consistent. For illustration, Redman and Matthews ( 1998 ) outline a scope of HR patterns which are suggested as being of import to organisational schemes aimed at procuring high-quality service: a-? Recruitment and choice: Recruiting and choosing staff with the right attitudinal and behavioral features. A scope of appraisals in the choice procedure should be utilized to measure the work values, personality, interpersonal accomplishments and problem-solving abilities of possible employees to measure their service orientation . a-? Retention: The demand to avoid the development of a turnover civilization , which may of class be peculiarly prevailing in touristry and cordial reception. For illustration, the usage of retention fillips to act upon employees to remain. a-? Teamwork: The usage of semi-autonomous, cross-process and multi-functional squads. a-? Training and development: The demand to fit operative degree staff with squad working and interpersonal accomplishments to develop their service orientation and directors with a new leading manner which encourages a move to a more facilitative and training manner of managing. a-? Appraisal: Traveling off from traditional top down attacks to appraisal and back uping things such as client rating, equal reappraisal, team-based public presentation and the assessment of directors by subsidiaries. By and large, all of these public presentation assessment systems should concentrate on the quality ends of the organisation and the behavior of employees needed to prolong these. a-? Rewarding quality: A demand for a much more originative system of wagess and in peculiar the demand to payment systems that reward employees for achieving quality ends. a-? Job security: Promises of occupation security are seen as an indispensable constituent of any overall quality attack. a-? Employee engagement and employee dealingss: By seeking greater engagement from employees the accent is on offering liberty, creativeness, co-operation and self-denial in work procedures. The usage of educative and participative mechanisms, such as squad briefings and quality circles are allied to alterations in the organisation of work which support an empowered environment. In simple footings best pattern is likely to imply efforts to heighten the accomplishments base of employees through HR activities such as selective staffing, comprehensive preparation and wide developmental attempts like occupation rotary motion. CHALLENGES FACED BY HR IN HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY By and large touristry and cordial reception has frequently struggled with negative perceptual experiences about employment patterns and conditions and this perceptual experience has frequently been matched by the world. Keep and Mayhew ( 1999 ) for illustration in their reappraisal of the accomplishments issue in the touristry and cordial reception industry suggest the industry has a figure of forces jobs, including: a-? by and large low rewards, unless skill deficits act to counter this ( e.g. chefs ) ; a-? unsocial hours and displacement forms that are non household friendly ; a-? overrepresentation of adult females and cultural minorities in low-level operative places, with better paid, higher position and more skilled occupations filled by work forces, indicating to undeveloped equal chances policies in the sector ; a-? hapless or non-existent calling constructions and usage of casualized seasonal employment ; a-? over trust on informal enlisting methods ; a-? deficiency of grounds of good pattern personnel/HRM patterns ; a-? small or no trade brotherhood presence ; a-? high degrees of labour turnover ; a-? troubles in enlisting and keeping of employees. Acknowledging this world of hapless employment patterns, Riley et Al. ( 2000 ) argue that economic science is the cardinal finding factor for HRM policies and patterns in touristry and cordial reception. Of class this point is likely to be true of any industry, but as Riley et Al. point out it carries a peculiar resonance in touristry and cordial reception, due to the nature of the sector. That is non to state that organisations and directors in the industry are non good cognizant of new managerial thought on HRM. However, they besides find themselves wrestling with traditional jobs , which are underpinned by fundamental labour economic jussive moods . Importantly, these jobs limit managerial actions and this leads Riley et Al. to reason the behavior of directors is determined by the constructions and signifiers under which they live. This inability by industry to acknowledge the most blazing of issues is long standing and can besides be seen in relation to things like a grade of i ll will and resistance from the employers associations in the industry, such as the British Hospitality Association ( BHA ) , to governmental enterprises such as the lower limit pay and working clip directing. The BHA still remains unsure of the benefits of such enterprises, despite support from others who argue these enterprises are likely to hold a potentially positive impact on the industry. Given the above treatment it is unsurprising to see a long history of support for the proposition that touristry and cordial reception remains a hapless employing sector. From Orwell s Down and Out in Paris and London in the 1930s to recent work by the likes of Price ( 1994 ) , Kelliher and Perrett ( 2001 ) , Kelliher and Johnson ( 1997 ) and McGunnigle and Jameson ( 2000 ) , the dominant paradigm has tended to emphasize the negative facets of working in the sector. For illustration, McGunnigle and Jameson surveyed a selected figure of hotels from the top 50 hotel groups ranked by ownership of sleeping room stock, which were considered to be most likely to exhibit good pattern HRM. Despite this they concluded, This survey suggests that there is small acceptance of HRM doctrine in corporately owned hotels in the UK sample aˆÂ ¦ [ and cordial reception ] aˆÂ ¦ has a long manner to travel before it can claim that it is promoting a civilization of committedness . Similarly, K elliher and Perrett ( 2001 ) , pulling explicitly on Schuler and Jackson s typology, develop a instance survey analysis of a designer eating house . Such a eating house might be though of as potentially developing a more sophisticated attack to HRM as they sought to distinguish themselves from concatenation constitutions such as Hard Rock Cafe and TGI Friday s. However, although the eating house had moved to a more sophisticated attack to HRM in countries like planning, preparation and development and assessment, and apparently sought an innovation scheme, there was small existent grounds that human resources were seen as a beginning of competitory advantage BEST PRACTICE IN TOURISM ANDHOSPITALITY Some of the most of import work to emerge in recent old ages on the inquiry of the extent of good pattern in the HCTS is the work of Hoque ( 2000 ) . Based on his work on the hotel sector, he argues that statements which portray the industry as backward and unstrategic are now outdated, at least where larger hotel constitutions are concerned. Indeed, he suggests that it is possibly clip research workers stopped foregrounding the illustration of bad direction and branding the industry as under-developed or backward, and started placing attacks to hotel direction capable of bring forthing high public presentation ( 2000: 154 ) . The research conducted by Hoque consists of a questionnaire-based study of 232 hotels and a figure of follow-up interviews conducted in targeted hotels, based on the consequences of the study. Based on this research he discusses three key issues. First, the extent to which hotels have experimented with new attacks to HRM. Second, the factors that influence HRM decision-making and whether these factors are any different in the hotel industry compared to elsewhere. Finally, he reviewed the relationship between HRM and public presentation in the hotel industry. Hoque is able to claim that, compared to a sample of over 300 greenfield-site fabrication constitutions, the hotels in his sample where using a figure of patterns that were really similar to outdo pattern. Indeed, in exemplifying the mode in which academic theoretical accounts can, in world, overlap it is besides deserving observing that there is important convergence between Schuler and Jackson s quality sweetening and invention attacks with much of the best pattern attacks. Hoque s work remains utile in offering a description of organisational patterns that support a professional, high-quality attack to service. That said, there are a figure of unfavorable judgments that can be levelled at the research ( Nickson and Wood, 2000 ) . As Hoque himself recognizes his sample of hotels is big by industry criterions, averaging 125 employees per unit compared to an industry standard of 81 per centof constitutions using fewer than 25 people, and therefore as Hoque ( 2000: 51 ) himself recognizes patently unrepresentative of the industry as a whole . Furthermore his trust on city-centre hotels with a high proportion of corporate clients is every bit unrepresentative. Last, the trust on managerial voices in his research, to the exclusion of those on the having terminal of many of the initiativesdescribed ( i.e. employees ) , may be considered an of import skip. To be just, Hoque s sole trust on managerial voices is non alone and is shared by much of the literature on HRM. The cardinal point emerging from the work of the likes of Redman and Matthews and Hoque is what good pattern HRM is likely to look like in the touristry and cordial reception industry.

Southern Stingray Facts and Information

Southern Stingray Facts and Information Southern stingrays, also called Atlantic southern stingrays, are a normally docile animal that frequents warm, shallow coastal waters. Description Southern stingrays have a diamond-shaped disc that is dark brown, gray or black on its upper side and white on the lower side. This helps southern stingrays camouflage themselves in the sand, where they spend most of their time. Southern stingrays have a long, whip-like tail with a barb at the end that they use for defense, but they rarely use it against humans unless they are provoked. Female southern stingrays grow much larger than males. Females grow to about a 6-foot span, while males about 2.5 feet. Its maximum weight is about 214 pounds. The southern stingrays eyes are on top of its head, and behind them are two spiracles, which allow the stingray to take in oxygenated water. This water is expelled from the stingrays gills on its underside. Classification Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: ElasmobranchiiOrder: MyliobatiformesFamily: DasyatidaeGenus: DasyatisSpecies: Americana Habitat and Distribution The southern stingray is a warm water species and inhabits primarily shallow tropical and subtropical waters of the Atlantic Ocean (as far north as New Jersey), the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico. Feeding Southern stingrays eat bivalves, worms, small fish, and crustaceans. Since their prey is often buried in the sand, they un-bury it by forcing streams of water out their mouth or flapping their fins over the sand. They find their prey using electro-reception and their excellent senses of smell and touch. Reproduction Little is known about the mating behavior of southern stingrays, as it has not been observed often in the wild. A paper in the Environmental Biology of Fishes reported that a male followed a female, engaged in pre-copulatory biting, and then the two mated. Females may mate with multiple males during the same breeding season. Females are ovoviviparous. After a gestation of 3-8 months, 2-10 pups are born, with an average of 4 pups born per litter. Status and Conservation The IUCN Red List states that the southern stingray is of least concern in the U.S. because its population appears to be healthy. But overall, it is listed as data deficient, because there is little information available on population trends, bycatch, and fishing in the rest of its range. A large ecotourism industry has arisen around southern stingrays. Stingray City in the Cayman Islands is a popular destination for tourists, who come to observe and feed the swarms of stingrays that gather there. While the stingrays animals are usually nocturnal, research conducted in 2009 showed that the organized feeding is affecting the stingrays, so that instead of eating during the night, they eat all day and sleep all night. Southern stingrays are preyed upon by sharks and other fishes. Their primary predator is the hammerhead shark. Sources Arkive. 2009. Southern Stingray (Dasyatis Americana). (Online) Arkive. Accessed April 12, 2009.MarineBio.org. 2009. Dasyatis Americana, Southern Stingray (Online). MarineBio.org. Accessed April 12, 2009.Monterey Bay Aquarium. 2009. Southern Stingray (Online) Monterey Bay Aquarium. Accessed April 12, 2009.Passarelli, Nancy and Andrew Piercy. 2009. Southern Stingray. (Online) Florida Museum of Natural History, Department of Ichthyology. Accessed April 12, 2009.

Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Review - Essay Example The Southern African region is showing a better graph whereas other regions like Central Asia and Eastern Europe are not doing very well in the reduction. The article highlights the fact that in South Asia there has been a fifty percent reduction amongst the younger age groups. This is because of the takeover of the new president, Jacob Zuma who upholds work against this disease and advocates testing against the disease as well as the provision of the drugs against the disease. According to the Unaids, there have been many contributory factors throughout the world for this reduction of the number of sufferers of this disease. This includes the change in the culture and the awareness with regard to sex education. The release of gay men from prisons in such areas has also been helpful. Also the targeting of high risk groups of the virus with education and prevention methods has been a reason for the better results. Strong campaigns in certain countries are also being carried out with I ran being an example where condoms are provided in the jails along with private times for the men to meet their wives to reduce the risk of acquiring AIDS.

In what ways was globalisation not a peaceful process Assignment

In what ways was globalisation not a peaceful process - Assignment Example Globalisation can be stated as an accelerator of the social change and may act as a vehicle for conflict aggravating the tensions in any known society along with even generating new ones. It is a qualitative shift towards a worldwide economic system which is no longer dependent on independent national economies but on a consolidated global marketplace for production, distribution & consumption. It has opened the door for liberalisation, but the concerned process created a number of conflicts globally. For this reason, globalisation can be termed as a conflicting process. Globalisation and conflict, both are interconnected phenomenon. Though the process of globalisation serves the entire globe in terms of facilitating in comprehensive and multi-faceted development but over the past two decades it has created a number of issues or conflicts as well. Multiculturalism comes with the facet of globalisation but it at times brings a conflicting situation around it. In addition to this, migr ation has had a major role to play in relation to developing a problematic scenario for the countries. Globalisation leaves various impacts towards the society such as various diseases related to human, animal and plant can easily spread at a rapid speed due to its affect. For example, imports of the bird flu affected chickens can affect the country which particularly makes an import of those chickens. Globalisation promotes easy transfers of the foreign business nationals from one country to another which amplifies the threat of transfer of diseases. Peace of any country can be destroyed if that particular country does not enjoy equality in global affairs. Globalisation over the years has been continuously increasing the gap between the poor and rich in terms of earnings (from both country-wise and individual perspectives). It can be viewed that only developed countries generally enjoy the advantages that originate from globalisation. In general, representatives from developed coun tries largely participate in building policies with regard to globalisation. Consequently, poor countries such as African countries get poorer (Manitoba, n.d.). With these considerations, the research study particularly aims to provide an explanation to the fact which suggests that globalisation was not a peaceful process. The various ways in which globalisation can be said to be not a peaceful process have been determined. In this regard, various examples related to the conflict generated during the process acclimatising globalisation have been depicted that support the fact that globalisation was not a peaceful process. Moreover, the study also exemplifies certain criticisms and arguments against globalisation. Conflicts Associated with Globalisation There have been various conflicts in and around the process of globalisation. The greater proportion of proponents of this global economic policy primarily came from the most powerful and richest countries. Contextually, the US govern ment set globalisation as an official objective of its economic and foreign policy about eight long years ago. More or less each country of the globe has faced the negative facets of globalisation. For example, owing to globalisation, a large number of employees have lost their jobs overnight on a global basis especially in the developed nations as their jobs had been outsourced to the countries such as India as well as China where cost of operations is

To regulate or not to regulate the Internet Research Paper

To regulate or not to regulate the Internet - Research Paper Example Many politicians and businesses have also embraced the internet in order to sell a better image of themselves to the public. Politicians use the internet for their campaigns because it has many users and these will be able to access the message easily, which the politicians are trying to pass across. Businesses on the other hand are using the internet not only for advertising their products but also for transactions between them and their customers. However, despite the good that the internet has brought, there are also some very malicious activities that go on within it, which have raised a great debate concerning internet regulation in many countries (Yang 359). In this paper therefore, we shall look at some of the reasons why the internet should be regulated and why it should not be regulated on the political and business arena. It is our belief that the internet should indeed be regulated in the political and business arena, especially in the latter. In the business arena, the in ternet should be regulated because there are so many businesses, which conduct their activities through the internet, and many do this without any form of government oversight. This means that some businesses might give false information about their products online and after the customer pays for them, he finds that he receives a product of lesser quality from what he paid for. Furthermore, it is easy for false business websites to be set up online with the intention of defrauding those people who fall into their clutches of their money. Online payment methods have made it easier for people to lose their money to false business schemes and to prevent such things from happening; governments all over the world should take steps to regulate the business activities that take place on the internet to protect their citizens. There should also be internet regulations on the political arena because even though the freedom of expression is a fundamental right to all, some politicians tend to propagate agendas which may be harmful to other people either within their own countries or without. For example, when some politicians propagate racist views online claiming that their own race or ethnic group is far more superior to all the others. If a politician in a multiethnic and multicultural society does this, then there is a possibility that his statements will most likely cause friction between the ethnic groups in this society. To prevent this, the government of such a society should put very strict regulations especially on websites, which encourage disunity within the society, and those who run such sites should be prosecuted and given stiff sentences to discourage others from doing the same (Wu 24 – 43). Governments should therefore take steps to ensure that content from the political arena is regulated over the internet because political news tends to spread very fast online and it is never known who will be able to access it and what its precise consequences will be. The capability of internet service providers to self-regulate is very much open to question because the internet is so wide and encompasses the entire world and it would be very difficult for a single internet service provider to be able to regulate it. There is however, some countries, such as the United Kingdom, where internet service

Aristotles Theory Of Ethics And Politics Philosophy Essay

Aristotles Theory Of Ethics And Politics Philosophy Essay How does Aristotle conceive of the nature of good and evil, and how is Aristotles theory of ethics and politics is rooted in his biological and ontological theory? How is Aristotles theory a communitarian theory like that of Macintyre? How does it differ? Ever wonder why as a person you do certain things or why you are feeling a certain way about something? This is something that is a part of life and as curious human beings we tend to want to know the answer to everything. Well, the fact of the matter is that some things just cannot be explained, they just happen for a reason and thats the way they are made. There are particular events that make us feel a certain way, and we may have different moods toward others. This explanation, in a small couple of words, is called Human Nature. Human nature is a concept of having certain characteristics; these characteristics included thinking, and feeling all the things that normal humans would have in common. We cant explain why humans feel or do certain things, all we can say is that human nature is a sociological way of thing. Aristotle believes that in Human Nature there is good and evilà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Aristotle believes that if a man does not enjoy doing good acts then he in fact not a good man at all. First, he must know what he is doing, and he must have an understanding of the act that he is doing. Secondly, according to his own personality he must choose to act a certain way on whatever it is that he is doing and he must do this for himself only and no one else. It is our contention that people may perform just acts without actually being just men, as in the case of people who do what has been laid down by the laws but do so either involuntarily or through ignorance or for an ulterior motive, and not for the sake of performing just acts. Aristotles reasons about humanity are most odd, but it is also something that we were meant to achieve according to him. Aristotle mentioned that the idea that human nature was meant or intended to be something, has become much less popular in these more modern times. You are either naturally developed to be good or evil in Aristotles mind and there is no in between. Aristotles ethical theory is a theory that comes from the theoretical sciences. Its methodology must match its subject matter-good action-and must respect the fact that in this field many generalizations hold only for the most part. We study ethics in order to improve our lives, the way we live and how we live is a main factor of ethics and therefore its principal concern of the nature of human well-being. He regards the ethical virtues as complex rational, emotional and social skills. He also believed that an organism or natural whole cannot be fully understood unless it has a purpose. He says that the general purpose of any organism is growth towards a mature statue. If this is true, than it is human nature to be greedy.(Im not sure where you get this from; it is not clear that greed contributes to the mature state of a human being; further, given this idea of maturity, how is good different from evil) This may be why humans are ether good or evil. Without looking toward becoming a more powerful state, then there is no need to become greedy. A communitarian idea is based on the ideal of the common good. Aristotle distinguishes between varieties of justice. He first tells the difference of justice as a whole and justice as just partial. In some sense, justice is understood as what is lawful, and the just person is equal to the moral person who follows the rules. Justice is understood as what is fair or equal, and the just person is one who takes only a proper share. Aristotle focuses his discussion on justice as a part of virtue. Each of these justices can be understood and concerned with achieving equality. Macintyre mentions that the forms of liberalism do not fail because the rules define that right action cannot be adequately grounded apart from a conception of the good. For this reason, Macintyre claims, some version of a communitarian theory of justice that grounds rules supporting right action in a complete conception of good can ever hope to be adequate. Aristotles thoughts of good are different from MacIntyres because MacIntyre believes that a good thing is not totally solid. In other words, you can be good in one situation, but the same action may not be good in another, regardless of what the rules are. Aristotle based justice in following the rules, in other words, if the law says it, and you break the law, than you have become unjust.(This distinction is not useful; both Aristotle and MacIntyre respect prudential judgment in differing contexts. Think of this, does MacIntyre have a doctrine of nature like Aristotles? What takes natures place in his doctrine?) Good and evil are left up to the eyes of the beholder. If a man psychologically thinks that if something is good, then it may be good, regardless of the social norms.(This is neither MacIntyre nor Aristotle; it is relativism) This can look strange to other people, who may base good and evil off of a social norm. Whether it is Aristotles ideas or MacIntyres ideas, good is what you truly make of it, and in the end, it is up to you to choose what is good and evil.

batch process of wine making Essay -- essays research papers

Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The homemade production of wine is a fun and challenging hobby that many people can enjoy. In this paper the reader will be taken through several different steps and processes that must be accomplished for your wine to be of satisfactory flavor and clarity. Crushing and stemming This first step may be performed by hand or by machine. For handling a ton or more of grapes, use a mechanical crusher-stemmer. Using a small crusher-stemmer, two persons can crush and stem a ton of grapes in about one hour. To collect the crushed grapes, which are also called the must, the machine is placed and supported above a container. A large polyethylene plastic tub or garbage can is sufficient. The important objective is to minimize bitterness by thoroughly crushing the berries without macerating the seeds, and while recovering all of the skins and juice in the must. After stemming and crushing, the fermentors are filled with the must to about two-thirds capacity, to avoid foaming-over during fermentation. After all of the must has been poured into the fermentors and the sulfur dioxide has been added, the fermentors should be covered with cheesecloth or plastic to keep out insects. Temperature, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, and the free and total SO2 of the must in each fermentor should be determined and the results recorded. Adding sulfur dioxide   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a chemical compound that has been used in winemaking for more than a century. Because it is known that wine yeast produce small amounts of SO2 during fermentation, SO2 can be considered a natural constituent of wine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Judicious and moderate use of SO2 has long been recommended. Recent research shows that the best quality wines are made when SO2 has been used both before and after fermentation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For grapes free of mildew, rot, or mold, usually from 50 to 100 parts per million (ppm) is used or about 75 ppm is adequate. This mild antiseptic is commonly used in the form of potassium metabisulfite (K2S2O5), and is available from home wine making suppliers. To obtain 75 ppm of SO2, add  ¼ ounce to each 10 gallons of juice or must. For grapes that have appreciable amounts of moldiness, rot, or broken berries, use twice this amount of SO2. To add SO2, dissolve the metabis... ... examination for desired clarity, smell, and taste. Check the free and total SO2. It is customary to adjust the free SO2 as needed to about 25 to 30 ppm at bottling. This helps to prevent oxidation of the wine after bottling due to dissolved oxygen that may be picked up during bottling.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When selecting bottling devices, it is highly desirable to minimize aeration, which in turn will minimize oxidation of the wine after bottling. This is best achieved using devices that provide for gravity flow of the wine and fill the bottles from the bottom of the storage container. Such bottling devices are often referred to as â€Å"gravity bottom filling†. New wine bottles should be rinsed in hot water to remove dust particles and air dried before use. Conclusion Hopefully after reading this paper, the reader has obtained more insight in creating a homemade wine that everyone can enjoy. The process may seem lengthy, but time is normally essential in the completion of many things. And if your first batch does not come out correct, do not get discouraged. Try again until things get better. Before you know it, you will be able to consider yourself a wine connoisseur. batch process of wine making Essay -- essays research papers Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The homemade production of wine is a fun and challenging hobby that many people can enjoy. In this paper the reader will be taken through several different steps and processes that must be accomplished for your wine to be of satisfactory flavor and clarity. Crushing and stemming This first step may be performed by hand or by machine. For handling a ton or more of grapes, use a mechanical crusher-stemmer. Using a small crusher-stemmer, two persons can crush and stem a ton of grapes in about one hour. To collect the crushed grapes, which are also called the must, the machine is placed and supported above a container. A large polyethylene plastic tub or garbage can is sufficient. The important objective is to minimize bitterness by thoroughly crushing the berries without macerating the seeds, and while recovering all of the skins and juice in the must. After stemming and crushing, the fermentors are filled with the must to about two-thirds capacity, to avoid foaming-over during fermentation. After all of the must has been poured into the fermentors and the sulfur dioxide has been added, the fermentors should be covered with cheesecloth or plastic to keep out insects. Temperature, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, and the free and total SO2 of the must in each fermentor should be determined and the results recorded. Adding sulfur dioxide   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a chemical compound that has been used in winemaking for more than a century. Because it is known that wine yeast produce small amounts of SO2 during fermentation, SO2 can be considered a natural constituent of wine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Judicious and moderate use of SO2 has long been recommended. Recent research shows that the best quality wines are made when SO2 has been used both before and after fermentation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For grapes free of mildew, rot, or mold, usually from 50 to 100 parts per million (ppm) is used or about 75 ppm is adequate. This mild antiseptic is commonly used in the form of potassium metabisulfite (K2S2O5), and is available from home wine making suppliers. To obtain 75 ppm of SO2, add  ¼ ounce to each 10 gallons of juice or must. For grapes that have appreciable amounts of moldiness, rot, or broken berries, use twice this amount of SO2. To add SO2, dissolve the metabis... ... examination for desired clarity, smell, and taste. Check the free and total SO2. It is customary to adjust the free SO2 as needed to about 25 to 30 ppm at bottling. This helps to prevent oxidation of the wine after bottling due to dissolved oxygen that may be picked up during bottling.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When selecting bottling devices, it is highly desirable to minimize aeration, which in turn will minimize oxidation of the wine after bottling. This is best achieved using devices that provide for gravity flow of the wine and fill the bottles from the bottom of the storage container. Such bottling devices are often referred to as â€Å"gravity bottom filling†. New wine bottles should be rinsed in hot water to remove dust particles and air dried before use. Conclusion Hopefully after reading this paper, the reader has obtained more insight in creating a homemade wine that everyone can enjoy. The process may seem lengthy, but time is normally essential in the completion of many things. And if your first batch does not come out correct, do not get discouraged. Try again until things get better. Before you know it, you will be able to consider yourself a wine connoisseur.

American Political System

The American political system is presidential type of system where the president is the head of state and head of government. There is the state government and the federal government; these two shares the sovereignty with the Supreme Court balancing their powers. The American system also has the two-party legislative and electoral system. The American political system is made up of three main branches which are the executive, the legislature and the judiciary. The executive branch is headed by the president and is independent of the legislature.The president is the commander in chief of the armed forces and exercise overall authority in the management of national affairs of the United States. The ideology of the incumbent President and the President's advisers largely determines the government's attitude in foreign affairs. The legislative power is vested in the two chambers of congress which is the senate and the House of Representatives while the judiciary comprises of the Supreme Court and the lower federal courts. The function of the judiciary is to interpret the United States Constitution and the federal laws and regulations.These include resolving disputes between the executive branch and the legislative branch. The American political system has always been dominated by two political parties, the Democratic Party and the Republican Party since the time of the American civil war. Other parties have existed but they have not been as dominant as these two. It is a usual view that the American political system is weak and disjointed. It is also a usual opinion that this was by deliberate design for the American founding fathers believed in limited government, and designed a system to ensure it.In a number of ways, it is certainly true that the American system is fragmented, if not necessarily weak. Many governmental functions that are performed by the national government as a matter of course in most countries are in the United States relegated to the states. In turn the states pass many of these functions on to local government. The standard form of identification carried by most people is a state driver's license, not a national identification card. Local police perform most law enforcement. They are not directly answerable, in a day-to-day administrative sense, to the national government or even the state government.Local government officials register marriages, property transactions, and much of the other fundamental administration of society. Basically the political system is made up of the federal government the state government and the local government; these include the state, the local, the county, and the town and village governments. (Bruce, 1997) Federal, state and local governments The federal entity created by the Constitution is the dominant feature of the American governmental system. Every person outside the capital is subject to at least three governing bodies: the federal government, a state and units of local governm ent.The local government includes counties, municipalities, and special districts. The federal government was created by the states, which as colonies were established separately and governed themselves independently of the others. Units of local government were created by the colonies to efficiently carry out various state functions. As the country expanded, it admitted new states modeled on the existing ones. State government States governments have the power to make law on all subjects that are not granted to the national government or denied to the states in the U.S. Constitution. These include education, family law, contract law, and most crimes. Unlike the national government, which only has those powers granted to it in the Constitution, a state government has intrinsic powers allowing it to act unless limited by a provision of the state or national constitution. Like the national government, state governments have three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. The chi ef executive of a state is its popularly elected governor, who holds office for a four-year term (although in a few states the term is two years).Apart from for Nebraska, which has one-chamber legislature (known as a unicameral legislature), all states have a bicameral legislature, with the upper house usually called the Senate and the lower house called the House of Representatives, the House of Delegates or Assembly. In most states, senators serve four-year terms, and members of the lower house serve two-year terms. The constitutions of the various states differ in some details but generally follow a pattern similar to that of the federal Constitution, including a statement of the rights of the people and a plan for organizing the government.State constitutions are generally more detailed. (Bruce, 1997) Local government There are 87,000 local governments, including 3,034 counties, 19,498 municipalities, 16,500 townships, 13,500 school districts, and 35,000 other special districts which deal with issues like fire protection. To a greater extent than on the federal or state level, the local governments directly serve the needs of the people, providing everything from police and fire protection to sanitary codes, health regulations, education, public transportation, and housing. Nearly 30% of the people live in cities of 100,000 or more population.City governments are chartered by states, and their charters feature the objectives and powers of the municipal government. For most big cities, cooperation with both state and federal organizations is essential to meeting the needs of their residents. Types of city governments vary widely across the nation. However, almost all have some kind of central council, elected by the voters, and an executive officer, assisted by various departmental heads, to manage the city's affairs. There are three general types of city government: the mayor-council, the commission, and the council-manager.These are the pure forms; most c ities have developed a combination of two or three of them. (Bruce, 1997) Mayor- Council. This is the oldest form of city government in the United States and, until the beginning of the 20th century, was used by nearly all American cities. Its structure is similar to that of the state and national governments, with an elected mayor as chief of the executive branch and an elected council that represents the various neighborhoods forming the legislative branch. The mayor appoints heads of city departments and other officials with the approval of the council.He or she has the power of veto over the laws of the city and regularly is in charge of preparing the city's budget. The council passes city by laws that sets the tax rate on property, and apportions money among the various city departments for various developments that have been ratified by the council. Cities have grown and council seats have more often than not come to represent more than a single neighborhood. The Commission: T his combines both the legislative and executive functions in one group of officials, usually three and more in number, elected all around the city. Each official supervises the work of one or more city departments.One of the officials is named chairperson of the body and is often called the mayor, although his or her power is equivalent to that of the other commissioners. Council- Manager: The city manager is an answer to the increasing difficulty of metropolitan problems, which require management expertise not often possessed by elected public officials. The answer has been to entrust most of the executive powers, including law enforcement and provision of services, to a highly trained and experienced professional city manager. The person usually holding this office is a government employee sent to the council or city by the federal government.The city manager plan has been adopted by a large number of cities. Under this plan, a small, elected council makes the city laws and regula tions and sets policy, but hires a paid administrator, also called a city manager, to carry out its decisions. The manager draws up the city budget and supervises most of the departments. Usually, there is no set term; the manager serves as long as the council is satisfied with his or her work(Bruce, 1997) County government The county is a subdivision of the state, sometimes containing two or more townships and several villages.New York City is so large that it is divided into five separate sections, each a county in its own right In most U. S. counties, one town or city is designated as the county seat, and this is where the government offices are situated and where the board of commissioners or supervisors meets. The board collects taxes for state and local governments; borrows and appropriates money; fixes the salaries of county employees; supervises elections; builds and maintains highways and bridges; and administers national, state, and county welfare programs Town and village governmentThousands of municipal jurisdictions are too small to qualify as city governments. These are chartered as towns and villages and deal with such strictly local needs as paving and lighting the streets; ensuring a water supply; providing police and fire protection; waste management; and, in cooperation with the state and county, directly administering the local school system. The government is usually entrusted to an elected board or council, which may be known by a variety of names: town or village council, board of supervisors, board of commissioners.The board may have a chairperson or president who functions as chief executive officer, or there may be an elected mayor. Governmental employees may include a clerk, treasurer, police and fire officers, and health and welfare officers. One distinctive characteristic of local government is the town meeting. Once a year the registered voters of a town meet in open session to elect officers, debate local issues, and pass laws fo r operating the government. As a body, they decide on road construction and repair, construction of public buildings and facilities, tax rates, and the town budget.The town meeting, which has existed for more than three centuries in some places, is often cited as the purest form of direct democracy. (Bruce, 1997) Voting in America is by adult Suffrage which is nearly universal for citizens who are18 years of age and older. All 50 states, as well as the District of Columbia, contribute to the electoral vote for President. However, the District, and other U. S. holdings like Guam do not have states' representation in Congress. They do not have the right to choose any political representative outside their respective areas.Each commonwealth, territory, or district can only elect a non-voting delegate to serve in the House of Representatives. Voting rights are sometimes restricted as a result of felony conviction, but such laws vary widely by state. Election of the president is an indir ect suffrage: Voters vote for electors to vote for President. The voters who elect a president are usually called the Electoral College. A candidate may have the majority of votes but looses in the Electoral College, this candidate is deemed to have lost the elections to the candidate who wins more votes in the Electoral College.Finance In order to participate in winning elections, especially in Federal elections it requires large amounts of money. The money is usually used for television advertising. This money is always very hard to raise. Candidates raise their money by appealing to a mass base. Both the two major parties normally depend on wealthy donors and organizations. Traditionally the Democrats depend on contributions from organized labor while the Republicans rely on business donations. Democrats' business donations have surpassed those from labor organizations.This dependency on donors is contentious, and has led to laws limiting spending on political campaigns being ena cted. Opponents of campaign finance laws challenge campaign finance laws on the grounds that they attempt to evade the people's constitutionally-guaranteed rights. Even when laws are upheld, the complication of compliance with these laws requires careful and cautious drafting of legislation, leading to laws that are still fairly limited in scope. (Bruce, 1997) Voting There is the primary election.This is an election in which voters in a jurisdiction select candidates for an ensuing election. Primary elections are one means by which a political party nominates candidates for the following general election. â€Å"Primaries† are widespread in the United States where their beginning is traced to the progressive movement. The primary elections are conducted by the government on behalf of the parties. Elsewhere in the world, the nomination of candidates is usually the responsibility of the political party organizations themselves and does not involve the general public.Besides prim aries, other ways that parties may choose candidates include caucuses; conventions and nomination meetings. There are several types of primaries. These include the open, semi open, closed semi closed. There is also the blanket type. In the closed type voters vote in a party's primary only if they are registered members of that party. Independents cannot participate. In Semi-closed, as in closed primaries, registered party members can vote only in their own party's primary. Semi-closed systems, however, allow unaffiliated voters to participate as well.Depending on the state, independents either make their choice of party primary privately, inside the voting booth, or publicly, by registering with any party on Election Day. In an open style a registered voter may vote in any party primary regardless of his own party affiliation. When voters do not register with a party before the primary, it is called a pick-a-party primary because the voter can select which party's primary he or she wishes to vote in on Election Day. Because of the open nature of this system, a practice known as â€Å"raiding† may occur.â€Å"Raiding† consists of voters of one party crossing over and voting in the primary of another party, effectively allowing a party to help choose its opposition's candidate. The theory is that opposing party members vote for the weakest candidate of the opposite party in order to give their own party the advantage in the general election. In a Semi-open style each voter may vote in any single primary, but must publicly declare which primary she will vote in before entering the voting booth. Typically this declaration is accomplished by requesting a ballot.In many states with semi-open primaries, election officials record each voter's choice of party and provide the parties access to this information. In the blanket type the voters are allowed to vote for one candidate per office, regardless of party affiliation. The current Presidential primary election schedule is that it gives undue weight to the few states with early primaries, as those states often build momentum for leading candidates and rule out trailing candidates long before the rest of the country has even had a chance to weigh in, leaving the last states with virtually no actual input on the process.The counterargument to this criticism, however, is that, by subjecting candidates to the scrutiny of a few early states, the parties can â€Å"weed out† candidates who are unfit for office. (Bruce, 1997) Reference Bruce, E. J. (1997): Native American Political Systems and the Evolution of Democracy: Greenwood Press; Westport,

Public Office And Private Lives Social Policy Essay Essays

Public Office And Private Lives Social Policy Essay Essays Public Office And Private Lives Social Policy Essay Essay Public Office And Private Lives Social Policy Essay Essay The development of the media and high velocity information exchange brings private lives of public functionaries to public treatment. Transgress moral boundaries may damage public functionaries calling, particularly elected 1s, badly. The turning attending to private lives among the population makes the subject more of import for the societal scientific disciplines. On one manus politicians use certain facets of their ideal private lives in their election runs in order to derive popularity, on the other manus they require the right for privateness in the things that will impact their lives negatively. Interestingly, the degree of public involvement in private life varies in modern democracies. While USA citizens are interested in every facets of public functionaries ( largely elected 1s ) , and seek to happen relationship between functionary s occupation public presentation with his private life, Grecian people seems to be less caring approximately privat e lives and prefer to concentrate on functionaries occupation public presentation merely. The intent of this paper is to explicate degree of public involvement for private lives of politicians, its grounds, affect on political relations the Greece and the USA relatively. In the first subdivision I will concentrate on the USA instance, in the 2nd on the Greece, in the 3rd subdivision I will give comparing of these two states. The concluding subdivision Privacy in USA In past three decennaries boundary lines between private and public life of public figures in USA became more unseeable ; their private lives are brought to public treatment more frequently. Privacy in general considered as freedom from unauthorised invasion: province of being allow entirely and able to maintain certain clairvoyance. personal affairs to oneself. ( Merriam-Webster s ) . Freedom from unauthorised invasion may include media, constabulary, and authorities and so on. Although to specify hat is public is non that easy. Harmonizing to Frederick Schauer in public issue single penchants is non indulged, including a penchant that information non to be disclosed ( Frederick Schauer 2000, 294 ) . In this instance voter s right to whether determination doing public functionary is suited for the occupation, and how his/her policies affect their lives. Having normal childhood, household, and friends seems index of good personality every bit good. Through the history there are s everal instances demoing that public leaders holding abused childhood, leaders who treated their households in opprobrious ways used similar policies in their occupation. For illustration Hitler s abused childhood caused catastrophe for the universe as Alise Millen said Hitler did non invent fascism ; he found it, like so many of his coevalss, prefigured in the totalitarian government of his household ( The Natural Child Project ) . Or another dictator, Joseph Stalin, besides had opprobrious childhood, jobs with his household. Stalins married woman Nadejda Alilulayeva married woman committed self-destruction in 1982 after he spoke her head about Communist Party purgings and the dearth and was met by a inundation of vulgar maltreatment from Stalin ( Nyu York Times, April 14, 1988 ) and another member of his household, his boy Joseph committed self-destruction in 1943. Today household images of politicians play really of import in their calling way and their successful matrimonies brings moral and softer image to them. Possibly its non coincidence that British Prime Minister Gordon Browns workaholic, lonely adult male changed before going premier curate. He is non mentioned as alone adult male but household adult male who loves his household. In USA state of affairs is non that much different than most of the universe, even politicians private lives are more open than other states. While most of the politicians complain about inadequacy of privateness in their private lives, they use their private lives as a agency of advertizement. Since USA presidential election of 1992 politicians started to publicise their private lives more and more. Public involvement for private life increasing, people prefer more entertaining plans, the American electorate are regarded as fed up with Washington politicians, elector want people who are nt political ( Newman, in Schauer 2003, 301, ) . Candidates private life dirts seemed really interesting subject for intelligence plans. Possibly Bill Clinton s adulterous relationship with Monica Lewinsky was one of the biggest dirts in USA history which was on headlines of newspapers for old ages. Although Clinton was elected for office for the 2nd clip after the dirt, some of higher ranked fun ctionaries, had to vacate after dirts, Randall L. Tobias, Deputy Secretary of State, resigned a twenty-four hours after corroborating his use of Washington bodyguard services. Although April 27, 2007 dated imperativeness release of the province section said that he was go forthing for personal grounds. New York governor Eliot Spitzer who besides accused holding adulterous matter with cocotte resigned from his station after dirt. Before his surrender he made a brief public visual aspect during which he apologized for his behaviour, and described it as a private affair. ( New York Times, March 10, 2008 ) . There might be several grounds for this addition, but likely the most of import two grounds which is lessening of involvement to existent political relations as mentioned above peoples being fed up with Washington politicians ( Schauer 2003, 301 ) and media which ever tries to run into popular demand. In the last elections in USA campaigner Barack Obama s race, household, faith was discussed and much as his election platform. Today media is considered as one of most net income conveying countries in the universe. In the competitory market companies are working to maximise their net incomes at any monetary value. American media is called as freest and most commercial media in the universe by Heather Savigny ( 2004, 225 ) . Privacy in Greece Discussions about privateness and public life are non something new for Greece. In ancient Greece private lives and public were separated from each others, private life was called oikos and public life was called as dimos. In Platos Republic Plato and Socrates discuss privateness issue. After reexamining Grecian newspapers headlines in last 25 old ages one might thing that Greeks might look non to be interested in oikos of politicians after over than 2000 old ages from Socrates times or Hellenics are non interested in political relations at all or holding politicians who has really ideal life without any dirts, so that there are merely two good known publicized high ranked public functionaries dirts. Both of these dirts have really similar characteristic. In the first instance Andreas Papandreou, while having infirmary intervention in London, was accompanied by a former air hostess, Ms. Dimitra Liani instead than with his married woman, even friendly imperativeness gave the fact widespread promotion. Subsequently, he was invariably seen with Ms. Liani, most noteworthy on his return to Greece from London, In Autumn 1988 and at the EC Summit in Rhodes in December of that twelvemonth. ( Georgia Chondreleou 2004,5, ) However this instance was non revealed by journalists or person else but Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou himself let rumours to be spread. Grecian premier curates confident action besides indicates that he is non that much concerned about reviews and media force per unit area. Indeed this instance was non discussed in the media that much, so that his wellness and subsequently on corruptness dirts overshadowed this instance. In the Second instance: Christos Zachopoulos, the former secretary general of the Grecian Culture Ministry and president of the Central Archaeological Council, jumped off the balcony of his fourth-floor place here [ December 20, 2007 ] after allegations that he was being blackmailed by his former office helper, with whom he had had an matter. Mr. Zachopoulos, 54, survived the autumn. ( New York Times December 20, 2007 ) This dirts besides mentioned as The juiciest sex dirt in modern Grecian memory ( Times Online January 9, 2008 ) Relatively with the first instance in the 2nd instance General Secretary of the Grecian civilization acquire more attending from the media. Possibly, the thing that forced General Secretary to vacate and try for the self-destruction was non merely related publication of his love matter in the media, but besides his being accused for corruptness. An Athens prosecuting officer [ was ] besides analyzing at least 10 of an estimated 200 instances in which Mr. Zachopoulos, in his capacity as the caput of the Central Archaeological Council, decreed that topographic points could be removed from the list of protected archeological sites. ( New York Times, January 19, 2008 ) . Having merely two politician private life dirt in Greece besides does nt intend that Grecian people are non interested in political relations. Politicss is still one of the most celebrated subjects in Grecian Coffee Shops. But it s besides known that population acquire information what media gives. Although there was freedom of address in media, since the beginning of the 1980s opinion parties ever had impact on TVs, so that most the TVs and large newspapers either belonged to the authorities or survived with the subsidies from the authorities. Even today from clip to clip Grecian authoritiess subsidise media. Possibly it is non happenstance that there is non that much review in media against authorities and high ranked functionaries except the instances which functionaries exposed them or the instances which is already related with some ethical issues. Comparison Even if this two states seems really similar in some points there differences in public attending to their life. However political dirts take topographic point merely in broad democracies because merely there is the separation of public from private domains fundamental to the political system ( Markovitsa nd Silverstei in Betty a. Dobratz and Whitfield, Stephanie 1992, 168 ) . Possibly the degree of the liberalisation and Greeks being under absolutism was besides one of the factors that affect degree of dirts. Plato s Republic abolishes the foundation of any private life for the defenders who the ideal state-eliminating the household and private belongings in order to make integrity in the province . Socrates considers the expostulation that defenders will non be happy if they have to give up pleasances of the private life. Such felicity he replies is mindless and infantile ; the defenders, after all, will bask a better and more honest life than other citizens. Anyhow, the purpose should be to do whole society good, non to do one subdivision of it happy, he besides argues that even if defenders will hold to give up their private lives, they will still bask a better honest life. ( Plato s Republic in Thompson 1987, 124 ) . If we compare USA and Greece with Plato and Socrates doctrine, Plato s theoretical account private and public life is really suited USA attack of privateness so that politicians seems to be all right giving up their privateness in order to enjoy a better honest life . However Greece politicians still can pull off to maintain their private lives from public. The chief difference in the instances of two states is that USA population will acquire more However media besides played important function in publicising the instances. Free and commercialised USA media seems is more likely to run into entertain popular demand of population that the media and imperativeness which is subsidized by authorities. Decision Its obvious that there are still will be a batch of arguments about public and private lives. As much state will acquire liberalized, achieve free media, Mentions: Frederics Schauer 2000, Can Public Figures have private lives? Social Philosophy and Policy, 17:299-306 Dennis F. Tomphson 1987, Political Etics and Public Office. Cabridge Mass. : Harvard University Press Georgia Chondroleou 2004, Public Images and Private Lives: the Grecian Experience Parliamentary Affairs Vol. 57 No. 1, 53-66 Heather Savigny 2004, The Media and the Personal Lifes of Politicians in the Unites States , Parliamentary Affairs Vol. 57 No. 1, 223-235 Betty A. Dobratz and Whitfield, Stephanie Sep. , 1992, Does Scandal Influence Voters Party Preference? The Case of Greece during the Papandreou Era European Sociological Review, Vol. 8, No. 2, 167-180 privateness. Dictionary.com. Merriam-Webster s Dictionary of Law. Merriam-Webster, Inc. hypertext transfer protocol: //dictionary.reference.com/browse/privacy ( accessed: December 11, 2009 ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //dictionary.reference.com/browse/privacy ( accessed: December 05, 2009 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.naturalchild.org/alice_miller/adolf_hitler.html, last accessed December 10, 2009 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nytimes.com/ hypertext transfer protocol: //timesonline.co.uk ( accessed December 10, 2009 )

Richard III -interpretations essays

Richard III -interpretations essays Richard III has intrigued many throughout the ages and its multidimensional possibilities give rise to many interpretations. It can be viewed from a traditional Shakespearean tragedy angle, because of its concerns with ambition and fear, and the presence of definitive revenge elements. On the other hand, a Marxist text is also possible. A turbulent court and its dealings with the nature of power, point to a Marxist model of class struggle within a distinctly classed society. Tragedy plays are often characterised by the exploration of ambition and fear. The lure of the throne engenders ambition which compels Richard to murder. His single-mindedness murders his brother, Clarence so that his path to kingship may be cleared. However, fear also compels Richard to murder to remain in power. Richard admits that he has stepped so far in blood that sin will pluck on sin which gives him enough courage to murder the two princes the pinnacle of his bloodiness. His soul is consequently set in turmoil. Anne complains of his murdered sleep I...never...did...sleep with his timorous dreams. On the eve of Bosworth, Richard is wracked by guilt and self-doubt. Though it does not last long, his psyche is nevertheless unsettled, haunted by his past deeds O coward conscience, how dost thou afflict me; cold fearful drops stand on my trembling flesh. This corrosive effect that comes only with murder and fear is a common theme in tragedy plays like Macbeth. Revenge, another recurring theme in tragedy plays, is particularly evident. The executions of the two princes and Hastings are prime examples of private revenge as Richard settles his score. Hastings meets his end tragically and violently for his unwavering support of Edward V and his imprudent overconfidence. The princes also meet their ends in a similar fashion. They pose a threat to Richards crown and hence they are dealt...

History 101. Comparing facts and fiction in movies Essay

History 101. Comparing facts and fiction in movies - Essay Example Some of the main differences between the original Greek myth and the film is that based from the Greek myths, Zeus, Athena, Apollo, Hera, Aphrodite and Poseidon all played active roles in the Trojan War. In the movie it did not show the gods as existent or actively intervening. The impetus relationship between Paris and Helen making it catalyst for the entire war called the Judgment of Paris is not mentioned. In the movie, it seemed that the Trojan War only lasted for weeks when in fact it consumed 10 years of endless battles. Like any other historical tales and events such as Samson and Delilah or Cleopatra, the woman may be the cause of a man's demise. And if a man is too weak to resist the seductive advances of a woman, an entire nation can suffer same as what has been shown in the movie Troy. The huge army of the Persian Empire is sweeping across the globe, destroying every force that gets in their way. When Persian envoy arrives in Sparta offering King Leonidas power and control over all of Greece if only he will bow down to the wishes of the Persian King, Xerxes, the strong willed leader summons a small army comprised of his empire's best trained fighters and marches to battle. This act however futile is his way of saying that no Spartan King will bow down to foreign invaders. When King Leonidas together with his 300 Spartan men fell to the overpowering Persian army at the Battle of Thermopylae, the courageous actions of the noble fighters inspired all of Greece to defend their empire against their Persian adversary and wage the battle that would eventually give rise to the modern concept of democracy. In the actual Battle of Thermopylae, King Leonidas was joined by forces from other Greek city states having some 4,000 to 7,000 strong men under his command. 300 of those are Spartans being his personal bodyguards which was actually depicted in the movie. In the movie it was said that the downfall of King Leonidas is the betrayal Ephialtes of Trachis but in historical facts it is debated that it could be Onetas and Crydallus. One thing that can be learned from the movie is that no matter the odds, a man should know how to defend his people for the generations to come. In the quest to achieve this, only trusted and well-trained soldiers will ensure victory. Although there is strength in number but even a few but with stronger convictions can ensure success in some sense. References: (1) Pressfield, Steven. Gates of Fire: An Epic Novel of the Battle of Thermopylae. New York: Bantam Books. 2005. GLADIATOR The death of Emperor Marcus Aurelius in the hands of his murderous and ambitious son, Commodus caused great chaos in the entire Roman Empire. One of the Roman army's capable and trusted generals, General Maximus Decimus Meridius is also the Emperor's key advisor. Even to his death, Aurelius decided to appoint Maximus temporary leadership of the empire and the enraged Commodus. He ordered the execution of Maximus and sends off the Praetorian Guards to murder his wife and son. Maximus escapes his execution but was severely injured. He was then captured and enslaved along the out borders of the Roman Empire. However, Maximus rises through the ranks of the gladiator arena to

Evaluate the development of the Public Health movement from it's Essay

Evaluate the development of the Public Health movement from it's inception in the 19th century to present day policy and practice - Essay Example The following paper will also define and assess the necessary aspects of the early and contemporary public healthcare systems. My focus will be on the definition of public health, its inequalities, any autonomous inquiries made into inequalities of public health, measure areas vital to lowering these inequalities, and elements that cause these health inequalities. The following essay will show a reflection of the legacy of public health acts in securing health development as a procedure entailing central administration, local authorities, and individuals. The development of the public health movement from the 1800s to present day policy and practice entails the creation, evolution, and implication of public healthcare acts (Whitehead, 2014, p. 22). Today, this act appears as if it could significantly progress the health of the English people because local authorities owe the public such a development. However, between the 1830s and 1840s, people found this act very contentious. European authorities had been responding to disease outbreaks with decrees for hundreds of years and this act meant this routine response would have to change (Seedhouse, 1986, p. 61). With clinical panels to counsel governments, Europe used armed forces to secure harbors, borders, and cities only when pandemics threatened their ways of life. Even more vital than the demographic likelihood of a disease breakout was social and technical information about the state’s public health status. The committee in charge of implementing the Public Health Act for England and Wales was successful in forming it incredibly fast and thoroughly even though another option was possible (Cholewka, and Motlagh, 2008, p. 21). The very practice of local self-analysis, together with a visit from a concerned, influential, but nonthreatening representative, enabled such an attitude to grow. Members of this committee frequently presented more than positive intents