Reliance Life Insurance Project Essay

Many people take to trading in the mistaken belief that it is the simplest way of making money. Far from it, I believe it is the easiest way of losing money. There is an old Wall Street adage, that â€Å"the easiest way of making a small fortune in the markets is having a large fortune†. This game is by no means for the faint hearted. And, this battle is not won or lost during trading hours but before the markets open but through a disciplined approach to trading. 1. A successful trader has a trading plan and does his homework diligently Winning traders diligently maintain charts and keep aside some hours for market analysis. Every evening a winning trader updates his notebook and writes his strategy for the next day. Winning traders have a sense of the market’s main trend. They identify the strongest sectors of the market and then the strongest stocks in those sectors. They know the level they are going to enter at and approximate targets for the anticipated move. For example, I am willing to hold till the market is acting right. Once the market is unable to hold certain levels and breaks crucial supports, I book profits. Again, this depends on the type of market I am dealing with. In a strong up trend, I want the market to throw me out of a profitable trade. In a mild up trend, I am a little more cautious and try to book profits at the first sign of weakness. In a choppy market, not only do I trade the lightest, I book profits while the market is still moving in my direction. Good technical traders do not worry or debate about the news flow; they go by what the market is doing. 2. A successful trader avoids overtrading Overtrading is the single biggest malaise of most traders. A disciplined trader is always ready to trade light when the market turns choppy and even not trade if there are no trades on the horizon. For example, I trade full steam only when I see a trending market and reduce my trading stakes when I am not confident of the expected move. I reduce my trade even more if the market is stuck in a choppy mode with very small swings. A disciplined trader knows when to build positions and step on the gas and when to trade light and he can only make this assessment after he is clear about his analysis of the market and has a trading plan at the beginning of every trading day. 3. A successful trader does not get unnerved by losses A winning trader is always cautious; he knows each trade is just another trade, so he always uses money management techniques. He never over leverages and always has set-ups and rules which he follows religiously. He takes losses in his stride and tries to understand why the market moved against him. Often you get important trading lessons from your losses. 4. A successful trader tries to capture the large market moves Novice traders often book profits too quickly because they want to enjoy the winning feeling. Sometimes even on the media one hears things like, â€Å"You never lose your shirt booking profits.† I believe novice traders actually lose their account equity quickly because they do not book their losses quickly enough. Knowledgeable traders on the other hand, will also lose their trading equity — though slowly — if they are satisfied in booking small profits all the time. By doing that the only person who can grow rich is your broker. And this does happen because, inevitably, you will have periods of drawdowns when you are not in sync with the market. You can never cover a 15-20 per cent drawdown if you keep booking small profits. The best you will do is be at breakeven at the end of the day, which is not the goal of successful trading. A trading account that is not growing is not sustainable. Thus when you believe you have entered into a large move, you need to ride it out till the market stops acting right. Traders with a lot of knowledge of technical analysis, but little experience, often get into the quagmire of following very small targets, believing the market to be overbought at every small rise — and uniformly so in all markets. Such traders are unable to make money because they are too smart for their own good. They forget to see the phase of the market. Not only do these traders book profits early, sometimes they even take short positions believing that a correction is â€Å"due†. Markets do not generally correct when corrections are â€Å"due†. The best policy is to use a trailing stop loss and let the market run when it wants to run. The disciplined trader understands this and keeps stop losses wide enough so that he is balanced between staying in the move as well as protecting his equity. Capturing a few large moves every year is what really makes worthwhile trading profits. 5. A successful trader always keeps learning You cannot learn trading in a day or even a few weeks, sometimes not even in months. Successful traders keep reading all the new research on technical analysis they can get their hands on. They also read a number of books every month about techniques, about trading psychology and about other successful traders and how they manage their accounts. I often like to think about traders as jehadis; unless there is a fire in the belly, unless there is a strong will and commitment to win, it is impossible to win consistently in the market. 6. A successful trader always tries to make some money with less risky strategies as well Futures trading, for example, is a very risky business. The best of chartists and the best of traders sometimes fail. Sure, it gives the highest returns but these may not be consistent — and the drawdowns can be large. Traders should always remember that no matter how good your analysis is, sometimes the market is not willing to oblige. In these times the 4-5 per cent that can be earned in covered calls or futures and cash arbitrage comes in very handy. It improves the long term sustainability of a trader and keeps your profit register ringing. Traders must learn to live with lower risk and lower return at certain times in the market, in order to protect and enlarge their capital. Disciplined traders have reasonable risk and return expectations and are open to using less risky and less exciting strategies of making money, which helps them tide over rough periods in the markets. 7. A successful trader treats trading as a business and keeps a positive attitude Trading can be an expensive adventure sport. It should be treated as a business and should be very profit oriented. Successful traders review their performance at regular intervals and try to identify causes of both superior and inferior performance. The focus should be on consistent profits rather than erratic large profits and losses. Also, trading performance should not be made a judgement on an individual; rather, it should be considered a consequence of right or wrong actions. Disciplined traders are able to identify when they are out of sync with the market and need to reduce position size, or keep away altogether. Successful trading is like dancing in rhythm with the market. Unsuccessful traders often cut down on all other expenses but refuse to see what might be wrong with their trading methods. Denial is a costly attitude in trading. If you see that a particular trade is not working the way you had expected, reduce or eliminate your positions and see what is going on. Most disciplined and successful traders are very humble. Humility is a virtue that traders should learn on their own, else the market makes sure that they do. Ego and an â€Å"I can do no wrong† attitude in good times can lead to severe drawdowns in the long term. Also, bad days in trading should be accepted as cheerfully as the good ones. So disciplined traders maintain composure whether they have made a profit or not on a particular day and avoid mood swings. A good way to do this is to also participate in activities other than trading and let the mind rest so that it is fresh for the next trading day. 8. A successful trader never blames the market Disciplined traders do not blame the market, the government, the companies or anyone else, conveniently excluding themselves, for their losses. The market gives ample opportunities to traders to make money. It is only the trader’s fault if he fails to recognise them. Also, the market has various phases. It is overbought sometimes and oversold at other times. It is trending some of the time and choppy at others. It is for a trader to take maximum advantage of favourable market conditions and keep away from unfavourable ones. With the help of derivatives, it is now possible to make some money in all kinds of markets. So the trader needs to look for opportunities all the time. To my mind, the important keys to making long term money in trading are: * Keeping losses small. Remember all losses start small * Ride as many big moves as possible * Avoid overtrading. * Never try to impose your will on the market It is impossible to practice all of the above perfectly. However, if you can practice all of the above with some degree of success, improvement in trading performance can be dramatic. 9. A disciplined trader keeps a cushion If new traders are lucky to come into a market during a roaring bull phase, they sometimes think that the market is the best place to put all one’s money. But successful and seasoned traders know that if the market starts acting differently in the future, which it surely will, profits will stop pouring in and there might even be periods of losses. So do not commit more than a certain amount to the market at any given point of time. Take profits from your broker whenever you have them in your trading account and stow them away in a separate account. I say this because the market is like a deep and big well. No matter how much money you put in it, it can all vanish. So by having an account where you accumulate profits during good times, it helps you when markets turn unfavourable. This also makes drawdowns less stressful as you have the cushion of previously earned profits. Trading is about walking a tightrope most times. Make sure you have enough cushion if you fall. 10. A successful trader knows there is no Holy Grail in the market There is no magical key to the Indian or any other stock market. If there were, investment banks that spend billions of dollars on research would snap it up. Investing software and trading books by themselves can’t make you enormously wealthy. They can only give you tools and skills that you can learn to apply. And, finally, there is no free lunch; every trading penny has to be earned. I would recommend that each trader identify his own style, his own patterns, his own horizon and the set-ups that he is most comfortable with and practice them to perfection. You need only to be able to trade very few patterns to make consistent profits in the market. No gizmos can make a difference to your trading. There are no signals that are always 100 per cent correct, so stop looking for them. Focus, instead, on percentage trades, trying to catch large moves and keeping your methodology simple. What needs constant improving are discipline and your trading psychology. At end of the day, money is not made by how complicated-looking your analysis is but whether it gets you in the right trade at the right time. Over-analysis can, in fact, lead to paralysis and that is death for a trader. If you can’t pull the trigger at the right time, then all your analysis and knowledge is a waste.

Guidelines Essay

This article was created by: Jocelyn Howard and Jae Major with the purpose of helping teachers, who decided to produce their own teaching materials; they need to observe some advantages and disadvantages, important factors and guidelines. These aspects help them to provide a coherent design for teaching materials. First, different advantages and disadvantages are examined why teacher might choose to design their own materials. These are some advantages: contextualization: it is generic; it means they do not able to take in consideration the learning environment. The coursebook do not aim any specific group of learners, particular culture or educational context. Everybody is able to use that coursebook. There are a lack commercial materials and cost force the teacher-produce their own material as best option for both students and school. Another advantages is individuals needs, it refers to different aspects or needs of learners that must be taken in consideration by teacher-producer at the moment to create material. They are first language skills, multi-cultural groups, experiences, level of English and why they are learning? Also, to increase motivation and knowledge, engagement in learning, freedom are some aspects to take in consideration in personalization, another advantage. In contrast, the disadvantages for teachers who decided to produce materials are organized in three aspects such as: organization, quality and time. Organization: refers to coherence and clear progression, physical organization and storage material and clear direction. If there are not some order in principles and clearly well-organized system will be difficult to locate them for future material’s use. Second, factors to consider when designing materials: learners: teachers find out information about learners’ needs. After that you are able to create the material. In addition, the students learning needs: skill, preferences learning style, literacy level, interests and purpose of learning English as a second language. Also, curriculum and content: it must include the goals and objectives to keep close for going back and check it. Another important factor is the resources and facilities: teachers must be realistic; they need to adapt their materials to the environment where they work. After this, personal confidence and competence: it refers to the skills, knowledge and attitudes, copyright compliance: you must have to give credits when use resources of internet, and time: organized the place that you use for working are another main factors. Third, guidelines for designing effective English teaching materials: in general they provide a coherent design in materials which emphasize the learning skills and knowledge. ELT materials should be contextualized (guideline1): the curriculum is to give address, specific individual’s needs and the topic is meaningful. And then, in a real communication process, professor must be sure the materials they develop have a clear purpose (guideline 2). Guideline 3: teachers should teach how to learn, help to take advantages and opportunities for self-evaluation. So, metalanguage (out of the class) is an example of these opportunities. Besides, guideline 4: materials make the student focus on form. Guideline 5: produce materials and incorporate more than one skill. Guideline 6: it is not only written material, it’s also visual and spoken. Guideline 7: the materials must be connected between what you did and what will you do. Guideline 8: physical appearance of materials must be attractive to the learners. Guideline 9: the instructions must be clear and easy to follow by learners. Guideline 10: the materials must be adapted to the activities and the learners. In summary, when teachers make the decision of creating their own materials they should be taken in account the different advantages and disadvantages presenting in this text. Also, they need to consider the factors and guidelines which provide them the most important point for developing their own teaching materials.

Reasons Women Choose Abusive Partners Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Reasons Women Choose Abusive Partners - Thesis Example The violence that is mostly gender based denies the rights that can be enjoyed by women. This violates a woman's personality in such a way that she is unable to function properly thus becoming mentally paralyzed and eventually they end up being abused by men. 2. Women of all standards and backgrounds are vulnerable to violence whereas there are some who are more likely to be the victims of violence. This includes young and immature women, disable or financially weak women. Women who are of ethnic and racial minorities also face problems related to violence. 3. The law and government also play a significant role in the violation of women. Enough rights are not granted to women due to the racial and sex discrimination. They are often arrested for invalid reasons whereas the same attitude is not maintained with the aboriginal people. This is the biggest example of racial discrimination. These women are more likely forced to lead their lives with abusive partners.1 4. The victims have to face the trauma of the entire violence themselves and also the sexism that is associated with the process of holding their victims accountable. Ultimately they give up on their lives and end up on streets waiting for the cabs or buses that would leave them on the mercy of violent people. They choose abusive partners and houses with inadequate security since they are left with no other choice than this. They grudgingly depend on the people who trade them for sex and are most importantly their bosses. 5. Those women who are subordinate, socially or economically an immigrants and refugees also face these problems. Refugees are mostly confined to domestic or hectic work for which they are paid very less. They are not aware of their legal rights and are often threatened that their rights would be confiscated and they would be deported in case they report violence. Women are often sexually harassed and do not have any kind of support whatsoever. Due to this they end up on streets and are ultimately paired with abusive partners so as to finance themselves economically. 6. Women who are victims of sexism are bound to face the violence problems and are subjected to drugs and abusive company which leads them even further into the darkness an devils of this process.2 B. Purpose of the study The purpose of this study is to have a look into the victims' life, carefully study and analyze and then seek for the appropriate solution. This entire process is adopted so as to free the women from their miseries and horrible past so that they can acquire their legal rights and lead a respectable life. Women abuse and violation has been a part of our society since ages. Women have been victims of violence, hatred, abuse etc. and its increasing day by day. A lot of women have turned up and expressed their views about their past while some still tend to remain quiet about it. Be it due to their partner's fear or due to the society. Women are being forced to choose abusive partners and this has been a persistent problem and there is a dire need that this problem be identified at the roots, analyzed and solved. C. Guiding questions There are a number of questions relevant to women violence which dominate our society. It is very important to look deeply into the problem and carefully

Diversity Quotient ; Personality Insights Assignment

Diversity Quotient ; Personality Insights - Assignment Example Some of these methods include making sure that people in any organization have a close way of relating during all matters. It is important to keep in mind that diversity is multi-dimensional and so there exists many forms used to determine it. For this reason, various methods should be used to ensure that the quotients acquired are of great accuracy. While analyzing diversity in organizations, existing statistical data regarding turn over could be useful. In the course of analyzing the data, it is possible to zero in on all specific causes of diversity which are addressed every time they are uncovered. In an organization, feedback can be obtained from turnover statistics by ensuring that commonly asked questions have available answers. These questions include data about the gender, ethnicity, and racial breakdown of all turnover percentages. This kind of question can assist in determining the reasons as to why different employees leave the organization and how to retain diverse employees and different organizational associates. Personality can be attributed to an individual’s perspective which can be used to describe their self. For this reason it really difficult to come across people with similar personalities. No matter how similar personalities might appear, there is always a certain way of differentiating them hence gaining differences. Personality insights is about recognizing and responding to different personality types. Understanding ones personality styles has a lot of benefits which might include increased productivity, reduction of stress, personal development, Improvement in team building, unlocking leadership potential and success in relationships. It is essential that all people understand their personalities since a lack of understanding one’s self and probably others may lead into certain problems. These problems could be tension, hurt feelings, unmet expectations, and poor

IRC 1031 Property Exchange Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

IRC 1031 Property Exchange - Research Paper Example According to the Federal Income Tax Law, capital gains on the disposal or the realization of an asset is included in the tax base when they accrue and taxed2. However, according to the IRC Section 1031, no gain or loss will be recognized on an exchange of a property that has been held for productive use in business or trade or for investment, if that property has been exchanged solely for another property of like-kind for the purpose of holding it either for productive use in business, trade or investment3. Mrs Helen, for you to be exempted from paying tax on the capital gains, these conditions must be met: the gross acquisition price of the replacement like-kind real property should be equal to or greater than the gross net sales price of the relinquished property; and the equity received from the realization of the relinquished real estate property should be used to acquire the replacement like-kind property4. However, your case was special as it involved co-op shares. The treatment of co-op shares raises some confusion as whether it is a real property and qualifies for an exchange. In Private Letter Ruling 200631012, in 2006, the Internal Revenue Service concluded that shares in a cooperative apartment situated in New York constitute real property for the purposes of like-kind exchange rules. In making this ruling, the Internal Revenue Service argued that the New York law determined whether the interest in cooperative apartment amounted to a real property and several New York statutes were already regarding the interest in cooperative apartment in the same manner as interest in real property5. In their rulings, New York courts argue that interests in cooperatives are intangible personal property. In a case involving Danforth v. McGoldrick, the Supreme Court held that whenever an individual acquires stocks in cooperative, then that person purchases shares in a corporation giving rise to contractual rights to occupancy. In another case, of re Miller’s

The death of the sun and the philosophical implications for humanity Research Paper

The death of the sun and the philosophical implications for humanity - Research Paper Example But just like any other forms of life or entities that exist in the universe, the Sun will eventually die. Scientists have pointed out that in a billion years, our Sun will run out of energy and die. That one important detail draws questions, let alone fear, about what could be the implications after the death of our sun. Every life form on our planet, as we know it, depends on our Sun. Humans, plants, animals, and even non-living objects need the Sun. For us, humans, almost all of our daily activities are associated with the energy that we get from the Sun. It enables us to function properly. Every morning when we wake up, the rising of the sun signals to start our day. It sheds light for us to see our surroundings. It emits heat to keep ourselves warm. It can help produce electricity especially in areas that cannot be reached by power lines. It can make our physical bodies healthy. It can be used to cook food for us to eat. These are just some of the many examples on how our Sun af fects and helps our daily lives. Though you can enumerate a lot of things how the Sun is beneficial to mankind, there are also hazards that come with it. Though the Sun can beneficial with regards to our health, it can also do harm to our bodies. Worse, it can also take away lives of people and other forms of life. The Sun also has the capacity to destroy buildings, houses, even forests and habitats of animals. Not only was the Sun valuable to mankind as a source of energy, it also played a part on affecting people’s way of thinking and belief. The light that the Sun emits symbolizes hope, truth, or renewal to some people (Stanford.edu). Anything that has a beginning also has an end. And so it goes with the Sun. Eventually, it will use up all its energy and die. There had been a lot of speculations regarding what will happen to mankind when the sun dies and science tells us that our species nor any life on earth will not be able to witness this astronomical even because all l ife on earth will have already died a hundred thousand years before the sun stops shining. But it is not possible to imagine life without light from the sun and the circumstances that mankind may face after the sun stops shining. Almost all of us are accustomed to see everything around us thanks to the light that our Sun provides. But what if there’s no Sun? It’s as almost as we’re putting ourselves in the shoes of a totally blind person. Imagine a world engulfed with darkness because of the absence of our Sun. When you go home at night, the first thing that you do is to instinctively look for the switch to turn on the lights. Now imagine a world where there’s no switch to turn on the lights at your home. Even when you go outside, there’s nothing to see but the little bright dots at the sky that we call â€Å"stars†. Our moon would not even be there because no other light source would make it shine. Without the Sun, the plants in our planet would cease to exist. The light that the Sun emits is essential for the plants to create food to be able to survive. Let’s not forget the important fact that the plants are responsible for producing oxygen in our environment. So, without the sun, there would be no plants to generate oxygen and that means humans, and animals would not be able to survive (Gamow 2). Not having a Sun also means our planet would travel across the universe aimlessly because of the gravitational pull of the sun that keeps the Earth on its orbit (Appell). These

The Rights of Children With Respect to Education and Health Essay

The Rights of Children With Respect to Education and Health - Essay Example This issue has the potential for controversy, as a reference to "religion" has the potential to encompass a wide range of subject matters in the social and physical sciences. Potential disagreements are predicted in terms of natural history, such as lessons concerning dinosaurs and evolutionary theory. Even matters purely in the purview of recorded human history could provoke contention, such as descriptions of the Crusades, or the Holocaust, or possibly any form of comparative religious study. (Dickerson, 2009 A) Sources in the government describe the purpose of these amendments as a clarification of the Alberta human rights and citizenship commission responsibilities. This is seen as a necessity in order to streamline the process by which rights appeals are efficiently addressed as they arise. This is accomplished through the separation human rights commission's current role as an investigative body, as well as the deliberative organization that mediates and the judges complaints. Separating these two functions should improve the efficiency of your product functions relating to the resolution of human rights allegations. A funding increase also assisted the commission in the execution of these duties.ntial to address additional complexities in complaint resolution likely to stem from these measures. The government's ability to address   issues of free speech has not been abridged. The commission retains unlimited power to issue judgments on matters pertaining expression. This has important implications regarding the potential for censorship of written material. This is contrary to predictions by government insiders, but considerable deliberation occurred in regards to the consequences of any removal of the term "publications". (Government of Alberta, 2009 C), (Dickerson, 2009 A) free speech advocates were disappointed by the measure, who had submitted policy recommendations in favor of the removal of measures which they felt represented limitations upon fre e expression in Alberta. (Fekete, 2009) Supporters anticipate few arguments as a result of these measures. While parents theoretically have the freedom to remove their children from these classes that might cover sensitive subjects, the number of parents that execute that power are limited. However, additional scrutiny is warranted according to opposition parties within the government, who are likely to subject parental opt-out clauses to closer examination within legislative deliberations. (Audette, 2009.), (Dickerson, 2009 A) The available information describing the concerns of government officials and free speech advocates shape their concern without regard to the child's opinion. Understandable, and arguably normal - as it is the parents

Culture of Deaf Students Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Culture of Deaf Students - Assignment Example The standard curriculum is designed with teaching-learning taking place to large extent through the spoken word. Teachers mainly give instruction through the spoken word which is inaccessible for many DHH children even with developments in assistive technology (Humphries, et al., 2014, p. 1, C 2,3. line 11-13). The curriculum needs to be adjusted to include more of other modes of learning such as learning by doing to ensure that DHH learners become more engaged in the learning process. It has been proven that learning takes place best when the learner is actively involved. The DHH learners need to have access to communication modalities in the educational setting and beyond. Hearing aids, cued speech, cochlear implants, sign language, sign language interpreter, and other ways of facilitating communication should be incorporated into the learning process extensively (Szymanski, Lutz, Shahan, & Gala, 2013, p. 4, line 14-21). The learners will in this way be actively engaged in the lear ning process. Assistive technology can also be used to enhance access to information in the classroom. Language development is a critical matter in cognitive abilities of DHH learners. Before the age of five, children must be exposed to an accessible language on a frequent and regular basis to facilitate their development of full language competence (Humphries, et al., 2014, p.2, C 1,2. line 2-5). Deprivation of language leads to various cognitive deficits since language is the mode of transfer of information. The curriculum should for this purpose, introduce sign language in the educational curriculum from an early stage; preferably before five years of age. In so doing, the learners become proficient in a language that they will have to use for their entire learning lives.  

Philosophy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Philosophy - Assignment Example This is seen in the differences between the rationalism and empiricism: rationalism has it that the ideas and concepts are independent from the experience, and that the cognition is realized only by means of the mind, whereas empiricism states that the knowledge and practice shall be cognized by means of experience. (True Forms, 2013). 2) Eudaimonia is most commonly defined as welfare, happiness, or prosperity. Eudaimonists state that the happiness is the supreme good for the human being. According to their views, the basis of the human behavior and the criteria of morality are determined as the human’s strive for happiness and prosperity. The happiness includes internal aspects, such as virtue, and external ones – health, beauty and wealth. Eudaimonia is considered naturalistic because it is in human’s nature to be aimed at reaching the best. (Robinson, 1999). 3) The Aristotelian concept of the â€Å"golden mean† is the acceptable middle between the excessive and the insufficient. In terms of ethics this means a choice between the things that are good and bad and may seem too good or too bad. For example, the situation with the wars and armed conflicts in the modern world is illustrative in this respect. It would be possible to avoid them by means of choosing by either their sides a mean – the process of negotiations, and this is namely the mean because it would neither lead to blood-shooting nor to absence of the contact between the sides at all. It can also be referred to as sometimes avoiding of the difficulties and trying to choose the easiest way of the problems solving. Then it is believed that the golden mean is not the best means and it is necessary to be courage enough to follow not the easiest way. 4) Philosophical Cynics tend not to accept the conventional society. They motivate this by the fact that the usual concept of life presupposes possessing the useless and odd

American history - essay - about The Black Cat Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American history - - about The Black Cat - Essay Example My interaction with the narrator as his pet was awesome at first. The fact that I was following him step by step means that we were compatible in various aspects. It felt good when I was being favored through exclusion from harassment while others in the house were being mistreated (Poe and Andrewasine 79). Being singled out when others were being mistreated always gave me a reason to stick to the narrator. It also strengthened the instincts between us. I felt special by being singled out among the pets that he had and even introduced me to his wife as his favorite pet of all. Our relationship, however, was mysterious and also supernatural in nature an element that was also evident in the gothic genre. The emotions of the narrator, however, ruined the friendship that was in existence and our sound interaction changed drastically to become sour. The person I was always comfortable when we were together became the person I was to run from. The drunkenness changed the narrator I knew to someone close to a murderer (Poe and Andrewasine 76). It was unbelievable to see him attacking me and even plucking one of my eyes irrespective of our cordial relationship that had been in existence. This interaction taught enlightened me that people changes and there have been something sinister with the narrator. It is weird for a close ally to become a monster within a very short time frame. The monstrous aspect resembles the gothic set up aspect and element. With such mistreatments, it was evident that the best way of living with the narrator is avoiding him. However, this interaction created dilemma in my life on the best mode of living that would assure me of survival. This is because after he perceived that I was avoiding him he plucked one of my eyes (Bloomfield 249). On the other hand, it is very insecure to stay close to such a person. However, it was unbelievable seeing the narrator holding me in a manner that

Perspectives on Inequality and Poverty Essay Example for Free

Perspectives on Inequality and Poverty Essay Our society today is currently experiencing a widening of the gap between the rich and the poor. As the saying goes, â€Å"the rich is getting richer and the poor is getting poorer,† our society attests to such truth, where the wealthy is gaining more money while the poor’s case is getting worse by the minute. Poverty is a big problem ever since the dawn of man. In an ideal world, the number of resources produced could feed more than any of the hungry mouths all over the world. But in reality, wealth is not distributed properly to every living individual. There are those who get more as compared to those who get less or get nothing at all. The sad reality If you take into consideration every living individual in a certain community, only a small fraction of its population enjoy living a well-off life, and a majority suffer from lack of resources or doesn’t have enough to fill their stomachs. A fraction of imbalance in the distribution of resources and wealth affects a greater number of people, wherein the sad reality lies on whom are the ones getting much and who are the ones gaining a lot. This is the sad reality in our society, where people thrive in a world filled with inequality and sadly, majority of the people suffer from the extra gains of some people (Besley Cord, 2007). Class inequality can be traced way back in the history of men, when people learned to classify themselves, making some superior and some, well, rather inferior. Another sad reality is that the ones who are in the higher echelons of the society are the ones who are not doing actual hard labor. These people are the one’s capitalizing from the hard work of the poor working class, sweating their lungs out, literally giving their sweat and blood just to make money. This labor force is the one who is actually earning the money; it is their effort and strength that makes the real cash, not the ones bossing them around. But the harshness of life is reflected in this situation: the ones working hard gets paid less, barely enough to make a living out of it, while the ones bossing everyone around gets a much bigger share, wherein they have exerted minimal or no real effort in doing so (Kohl, 2003). This is the present situation of the working class of the past, the present, and maybe of the future. There are some great thinkers who have pondered on these things so to speak. This people, though separated by different views, expressed their opinions about how inequalities in the classes happen and why poverty exists, depending on how they see the situation. Their take on the realities are reciprocated by approval or by rejection from the people looking at their ideas. Some may seem radical to others, but some deem that is the necessary thought for that certain specific topic. These great thinkers include Karl Marx, Max Weber and Oscar Lewis.

Aldi and Lidls Market Strategy: A Comparison

Aldi and Lidls Market Strategy: A Comparison Aldi and Lidl are both successful grocery retailer stores that started off their business in their home country Germany and ended up expanding their markets to almost all parts in Europe. In case of Aldi, they even have their stores in Australia and Unites States. They both had the perfect market strategies for their grocery retail store that helped them increase their profits on a larger scale. While Aldi followed a Hard discount strategy, Lidl followed a Soft discount strategy. Because of their huge success, the companies are now trying to enter the markets of Russia, Croatia, Mexico, Brazil etc. ALDI: Aldi is a German grocery retail store that offers HARD discount i.e. they sell less number of items (store brands) at a very cheap price which increases their profit. Aldi was founded by Karl and Theo Albrecht in the 1960s. Aldi is short name for Albrecht Discount. They had a simple strategy of increasing their sales volume and profit by subsidising the prices of the product. They had a minimalistic approach wherein they did not spend much on the store design, customer care or advertisement. They sold their products in warehouse like stores. By decreasing the prices of the products, they were able to sell more number of products and hence larger profit. Their target consumers were the average budget consumers who prefer quality products at lower prices. They followed the theory of economies of scale. If we were to compare Aldi and Lidl in terms of their sales volume, Aldi could be found to have more market in Germany than in a foreign market. Lidl could be seen to have more sales volume in foreign markets than Aldi. Aldi has now reached market saturation on Germany and is now looking forward to expand their markets further and target a different audience. They had a turnover of  £2.76bn in 2011 (The Grocer, 2011). Aldi has over 9000 stores all around the world now. LIDL: Lidl is also German grocery retail store that offers SOFT discount i.e. they sell larger number of items that include both branded products and store products at lower prices. Lidl was opened in 1973 by Dieter Schwarz in Ludwigshafen, Germany. Lidl entered France in 1988. They now have stores almost all over Europe and also in some parts of South America. COMPARISON- SALES VOLUME: If we were to compare Aldi and Lidl in terms of their sales volume, Aldi could be found to have more market in Germany than in a foreign market. Lidl could be seen to have more sales volume in foreign markets than Aldi. REASONS WHY ALDI AND LIDL CHOSE GREENFIELD INVESTMENT STRATEGY: Greenfield investment strategy is where a company buys a land and builds its store from zero level. Aldi had a strategy of buying lands in remote districts or in regions where the cost of property is low so as to spend minimum and gain maximum. Greenfield investment strategy helps the company to integrate with the culture of a foreign market i.e. if they are targeting a foreign country. Companies could even get tax subsidies from the foreign country they are trying to penetrate on the basis that they provide employment to the locals there. Employing locals is even more beneficial as they help in better understanding of the culture in the foreign land which could in turn help in adapting and modifying their products and strategy according to the cultural differences. Aldi and Lidl were able to adapt better to the foreign markets because of this strategy as it helps in a better understanding of the market in terms of customer preferences and tastes. This strategy had a positive impact on emerging markets as there was generation of employment, exchange of knowledge and increase of living standards. Hence, the Greenfield investment strategy was beneficial to Aldi and Lidl as their primary market strategy while entering a foreign market. TO IMPROVE ITS IMAGE OF AN UNDERCLASS DISCOUNTER IN THE U.K AND IN SWITZERLAND, WHY ALDI ENLARGED ITS PRODUCT RANGE AND OFFERED A HIGHER SERVICE LEVEL TO CUSTOMERS? PROBLEMS AND RISKS ASSOCIATED: Aldi had to depart from its hard discount strategies it had back there in its home country Germany. Of course they had to come up with new strategies to survive and to make profits in the new foreign market. When they entered the UK and Switzerland, they had to face competitions from the local brands already situated there. Also in UK, cheaper goods were looked upon as low in value and quality. Hence Aldi had to increase the prices of goods so as to attract the consumers and ensure that they sell quality products. Only recently they increased the price of milk again in September, 2012. They did this so as to breakdown the image of an UNDERCLASS discounter. Prices in the UK and Switzerland are almost two times of that in Germany. Aldi also did some advertising campaigns to attract customers. In UK they started offering wide options of meat products. The sales have doubled in the UK as of 2012 survey. Aldi also had to adapt their products to suit the customer needs. They did not sell G erman products; instead they relabelled them in Switzerland and also sold regional products to satisfy the customer demands and tastes. This shows the importance of having and understanding strategies to be a winner in a foreign market. RISKS- Since Aldi is breaking way from its image of a hard discount provider and changing its strategy to survive the foreign market by increasing its price range, it could lose its customers to Lidl. In foreign markets like the U.K and Switzerland, Aldi no longer stands as an example of hard discount strategy. They spend money on customer service, advertising campaigns, store building and designing following which increase the selling price of the goods. They now sell quality products at high price. They have started un-using the very basic strategy- selling at low prices for increased profits-for which they were known. Because of their changed image, they are at risk of losing their customers. INTERNATIONALISATION OF LIDL- FAST PUSHING AND ALDI- SLOW AND WELL- CONSIDERED? REASONS? It is true that the internationalisation process of Lidl is fast and pushing while that of Aldis is slow and well considered. Aldis slow and considered approach is quite evident from the fact that it enters a foreign market with a gap of around 10 years. Aldi initially operated in Germany only. It moved to Austria only in 1967 i.e. seven years after its opening and success in the home country Germany. After ten years in Austria it entered the US market. This shows that Aldi first studies the foreign market, the scope for their growth, identifies the target consumers and come up with strategies before venturing into a foreign market. As the case study mentions, in Switzerland, Aldi first targeted German speaking regions of the country following which they penetrated their expansion. Aldi is quite cautious before venturing into a foreign market as clearly shown by the examples above. Lidl on the other hand is quite fast in their approach. They follow a sort of trial and error method. This could be seen by the way they entered Poland and Norway. At times it worked for them, but at times it has also led them to huge losses (for e.g. in Norway) In 2007, when they expanded to Poland, they were able to make huge profits as compared to the rival Aldi. This is because when Lidl entered Poland, there were lesser or no competition in the market and they were able to get a fresh start and attract customers with offers that were new for the Polish customers. On the other hand, Aldi had to face more competition as by the time they entered, the markets had matured and saturated with more competitors. But this kind of adventurous venturing could also be harmful at times for example, in Norway in 2008; Lidl had to sell its stores to the local competitor Rema due to the failure of their strategies. First of all Norway has a unique population density spread and a different geographic location. Because of this the logistics and implementation became costlier and led to losses. The location of the shop was also seen as wrong by Werner Eversten (Head of Lidl, Norway). Also there were some internal management problems like, the top management officials kept changing which in turn affected the strategy and planning process of the company. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ALDIS STRATEGY. WHICH STRATEGY DO YOU RECOMMEND TO LIDL IN TERMS OF ITS GEOGRAPHICAL PRESENCE UNTIL 2020? Aldi is known for its well-considered approach. It still has more foreign markets other than in Europe as compared to Lidl. Advantages: Since they go for deep study of the market, the strategies required and the local demands of a foreign market, it works positively for the company as they are able to adapt to a foreign market in a better manner. Venturing into markets like the US added to their profits because they were first to offer discounts and they experienced the First mover advantage. They had fewer competitors there. They work on the theory of economies of scale and penetrate into new markets where this is a new and a strategy never heard of. They avoid risks by carefully studying and analysing the market. DISADVANTAGES: When Aldi entered foreign markets, it had to change its strategies to adapt to the customer demands of that country. As a result it had to bring in customer service schemes, advertisements, pamphlets, store designing which increased their expense. They had to increase their prices to cover for this thus shifting from their hard discount strategy. Due to this they could lose the customers in the lower income strata of the society. They will have to face the common and obvious risk of internationalisation i.e. understanding cultural differences (like in the UK) and facing the local competitors. Strategy for Lidl: Lidl has always entered foreign markets in haste. It never considered the market demands or analysed the scope or the strategies. This could do harm to the company like it did in Norway where they had to sell off around 50 stores. They open a large number of stores simultaneously in a foreign environment which is quite risky and could lead to huge losses and debts. They could have analysed more on the cultural aspect and customer tastes/preferences of the people that exist in a foreign market. They could open a few outlets initially to study the level of acceptance of their store in the foreign market and then go for gradual increasing in number of stores. They could also analyse a foreign market before they enter so as to adapt well into the market and have better strategies. They could consider the location and geography of the country before they venture to avoid huge risks. Lidl could also consider entering emerging markets like India, China, and Brazil where there is a huge market for discounted items. If they could have a well-planned strategy before they enter these markets, they could make huge profits. For example, in India, there is a large young population who are attracted to foreign store outlets and also middle-class population that prefer items in low prices. There is a promising and potential market for Lidl in India and also in China. They could have to deal with the cumbersome regulations by government but with perfect implementation of strategies, they could be a huge success there.

British Colonialism and its Linguistic Consequences

British Colonialism and its Linguistic Consequences Background Colonization (and more recently globalization) certainly accounts for the drastic changes in the linguistic landscapes of the world over the centuries. Conceptualized as as the directing control of politics, society and people by foreign states, colonization has imposed to the colonized several harmful challenges. The compulsory necessity of engaging with a language ascribed to oppression, exploitation and slavery stands out, though. Moreover, colonialism, in many territories meant also an imposed mosaic of different ethnic groups and human types that prior to European penetration, had different political, cultural and social structures which were randomly obliged to coexist in that space. Such impositions regarding language and life styles reflected and altered the identity of the colonized people and, according to TÃ ¼rkmen (2003), played an important role essential to colonialism to be successful: Identity is one of the indispensable components of colonialism, if we consider colonialism as a body; identity constitutes its spirit while the economic exploitation is its corporal body. The colonizer coming to the virgin lands with the feeling of colonial desire and obsession to have cheap profit in his heart finds himself ready to defame the inhabitants, regard them as the other. And he starts his policy by deterritorializing and reterritorializing (p.189). In that sense, people were forced to be what they are not. This is evident by the fact that the colonizers used to call the colonies new lands, as if they were virgin lands, uninhabited before their arrival. TÃ ¼rkmen (2003) stresses that the colonizers did not perceive their actions over the colonies as reconstruction because they did not consider the institutions and cultures established in the colonies as valuable. The colonizers also imposed their culture and language as a way to legitimize their power: In the colony what is asymmetrical, rather than merely different proves to be pathological. In order to legitimize their maltreatment, the colonizer tries to project the other not only different but also dangerous, primitive, aggressive, lazy, etc. The aim is making people feel that colonialism is not an unfair perpetration, rather, it is a necessary drive, for, and these people do not deserve these lands by virtue of their notorious traits. Also, the drive, after all, will promote their life standards. This is for their interest. (Robert Young in Colonialism and Desiring machine as cited in TÃ ¼rkmen (2003), p.190) As shown, the colonized is forced to internalize a new identity through the reinforcement of stereotypes by the colonizer, which is easily understandable if one thinks that the colonized finds him/herself in a circumstance they have never experienced before, after having been obliged to abandon all what constitutes his/her world. The colonized then has no option other than emulate the colonizer as a sole model in front of him. However, his attempt is rejected by the colonizer. Motivated by his urge for exploitation, he makes sure to set hard limits to the difference, as to them the difference is what feeds the colonial system, what legitimize and postulates it (TÃ ¼rkmen, 2003). So the colonized loses his former identity but he is also not supported in building a new one. As TÃ ¼rkmen (2003) puts, it, he will neither be like the colonizer nor himself. Thus, he lives in a complete oblivion. All at once, he is casted out from his history, memory and citizenship. Nonetheless, through colonialism identity is not totally lost, but set in the unknown ground temporally placed between prior and after the colonizers came. Identity and language Identity and the cognate terms in other languages have a long history as technical terms in Western philosophy from the ancient Greeks through contemporary analytical philosophy. They have been used to address the perennial philosophical problems of permanence amidst manifest change, and of unity amidst diversity. Wide spread vernacular and social-analytical use of identity and its cognates, however, is of much more recent vintage and more localized provenance. The introduction of identity into social analysis and its initial diffusion into social sciences and public discourse occurred in the United States in the 1960s (with some anticipation in the second half of the 1950s). The most important and best-know trajectory involved the appropriation and popularization of Erik Erikson (who was responsible, among other things, for coining the term identity crisis). But there were other paths of diffusion as well. The notion of identification was pried from its original, specifically psychoanalytic context (where the term had been initially introduced by Freud) and linked to ethnicity on the one hand and to sociological role theory and reference group theory. The term identity proved highly resonant in the 1960s diffusing quickly across disciplinary and national boundaries, establishing itself in the journalistic as well as the academic lexicon, and permeating the language of social and political analysis. (Davis, 2004, p.61) Stuart Hall, one of the well-known scholars specialized on identity, points that identity is dynamic, not stable and is in constant flux: Perhaps instead of thinking as identity as an already accomplished historical fact, which the new cinematic discourses represent, we should think, instead, of identity as a production, which is never complete, always in process, and always constituted within, not outside, representation (ibid 210), (Davis, 2004, p.184). Therefore, cultural identity can be considered as a historically located set of experiences that need to be recovered in order to fulfill the desire to become one nation or one people, hence, happens to the language. As it expresses beyond what its words signifies, language also reveals the way individuals situate themselves in relationship to others, the way they group themselves, the powers they claim for themselves and the powers they stipulate to others (Sterling, xxx). People use language to indicate social allegiances, that is, which groups they are members of and which groups they are not. In addition, they use language to create and maintain role relationships between individuals and between groups in such a manner that the linguistic varieties used by a community form a system that corresponds to the structure of the society. Therefore, a speaker uses language not only to express but to create a representation of him/herself in relation to others with whom s/he is interacting. The issue of respect is an aspect of the broader relationship between power and language. Power is the degree to which one interlocutor is able to control the behavior of the other. S/he then uses the language of intimacy and familiarity as they used it in greetings, communicating about family, and leave-takings. In talking about their jobs and other external acquaintances, they use the colonizers language, which possibly signs distance. Sterling (xxx) also argues that within a society or a culture, speech patterns become tools that speakers manipulate to group themselves and categorize others with whom they are interacting: Because of the relationship between language use and group membership, language can inspire deep group loyalties. It can serve as a symbol of unification on several levels. On the national level, language loyalty can serve an important political function. Many people in the United States are threatened by the use of languages other than English. To speak a language other than English is thought to be un-American. This is because English is promoted as the one and only possible language of a unified and healthy nation. On a local level, language is a symbol of loyalty to a community. (Sterling, xxx, p.xx). For the community as a whole, socialization through language learning creates conformity to social norms and transmits the culture of the community. As s/he learns language, a child learns the social structure of the culture, learning the appropriate linguistic form for each kind of person. This is part of communicative competence. Communicative competence is not only knowing how to speak the specific language(s) used in the speech community but also knowing how to use language appropriately in any given social situation in the community. And the ability to know that is closely related to the identity that one holds. Speech patterns become tools that speakers manipulate to group themselves and categorize others with whom they are interacting and that is only shared with those sharing a certain identity, whether in a community or a culture.

Thucydides and Homer: Cultures Essay -- Cultural Greece Thucydides Hom

Thucydides and Homer: Cultures Thucydides and Homer, though they lived a relatively short 300 years apart, wrote about very different Greek cultures. While the Greeks who Homer wrote about in The Iliad were, in many respects, dissimilar to the Greeks in Thucydides’ History of the Peloponnesian War, this stands in marked contrast to the profound similarities that exist between contemporary cultures and those that Thucydides wrote of. There are, however, similarities between modern cultures and those in Homer’s writing, as well as differences between modern ones and those in Thucydides’ writing. Thucydides’ history is, therefore, a relational bridge between the cultures of ancient Greece and modern ones. One of the most recognizable differences in the cultures written of by Thucydides and Homer is what people are respected for. In the world of The Iliad, aretà © determines an individual’s merit, and it is largely determined by physical triumphs over opponents. The importance of victory to these people’s honor is indicated in Hector’s defeat of Patroclus. â€Å"Hector†¦ seeing [Patroclus] trying to stagger free,†¦ came rushing into him right across the lines and rammed his spearshaft home, stabbing deep in the bowels†¦ Down he crashed—horror gripped the Achaean armies.† (Homer, 439) Patroclus’ fall not only represented Hector’s superior might, but the publicity of aretà ©; for every Achaean soldier became demoralized by the death of Patroclus. Whereas in the aforementioned culture a person’s status was public and largely based on strength, Thucydides wrote about a culture that valued beauty through the intellect and art forms. When Corcyra and Corinth are poised to go to war with each other... ... Peloponnesian War is neither romantic nor poetic; rather, it is an (relatively) objective account of what he considered to be the most devastating war. Based on his observations, Thucydides used logic to infer things about human behavior and historical events. It could well have been this abandonment of romanticism that allowed Thucydides to so accurately explain history in terms of human nature, which is based very much on the human condition. If this is the case, then it is certainly not surprising that Thucydides describes many familiar ideas and is able to relate values and principles from cultures older than his own to modern ones. Works Cited 1. Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War. Trans. Rex Warner. New York: Penguin Books, 1954. 2. Homer. The Iliad. Trans. Robert Fagles. New York: Penguin Books, 1990.

The Benefits of ObamaCare Are Greater Than the Costs Essay -- ObamaCar

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) also known as Obama Care has been put into place to transfer the cost of healthcare from employers to the government. Employer provided insurance is common place in America. Nearly 60% of the American public utilizes insurance provided by their employer (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services). Since the proposal of the PPACA it has been surrounded by much controversy concerning the constitutionality of the bill. During the industrial stages of the nation came the passage of strict labor laws, regulated minimum wage, and health coverage became a perk offered by employers to build a dependable workforce. Healthcare was readily available before the concept of globalization occurred and made it less realistic for an employer to keep supporting the overhead of health care rising prices while competing with other countries that do not provide healthcare or have to adhere to minimum wage guidelines. Companies in the US have been driven to cut spending in order to stay competitive with companies producing similar products in other nations. Global economy has had a huge impact on healthcare and the people it is available to. Companies have been gradually paying less and less towards their employee’s healthcare which in turn has made insurance too costly for the average employee to continue the same amount of healthcare coverage. While companies have been lessening their contribution to employee health benefits insurances have continually raised their prices. In the recent years between 2001 and 2007 the cost of health care premiums has escalated almost 80% (Health Care Marketplace Project, 2008). To understand the dispute surrounding the constitutionality of Obama Car... ...9% during the same time period (Health Care Marketplace Project, 2008) Works Cited Health Care Marketplace Project . (2008, March 14). Employer Health Insurance Costs and Worker Compensation. In Kaiser Family Foundation. Retrieved June 28, 2008, from http://www.kff.org/insurance/snapshot/chcm030808oth.cfm Jost, T. (2009). Health Insurance Exchanges: Legal Issues. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 3751-70. doi:10.1111/j.1748-720X.2009.00420.x Stengel, R., & Ford, A. (2011, July 4). One document, under siege. Time, 178(1), 30-45. Retrieved July 16, 2011, from Academic Search Premier. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (n.d.). The Effect of Health Care Cost Growth on the U.S. Economy. In Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. Retrieved June 21, 2011, from http://aspe.hhs.gov/health/reports/08/healthcarecost/report.pdf

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

I rediscovered something while trying to think of my speech for tonight. History repeats itself. Everything I felt compelled to say I knew has been said before and will be said in times to come. I grew dismayed at the thought that the human race has progressed so little that the same advice has as much merit now as it did when it was first given, millenniums ago. Yet there is a simple beauty in this. It reassures us that humans will always be human; that everyone is experiencing life for the first time, no matter how many ancestors lie before them. Since we are each seeing life anew, the same truths will occur again and again. These truths have brought us to this point in history; they will carry us for the rest of our lives. Inner motivation is the force that drives us upward and onward. We all know how to rely on that force. It does not matter what degree of "success" or "achievement" we reach, so long as what we do reach is comfortable for us. Whether our motivation compels us simply to make it to school each day, or to juggle multiple outside interests with difficult class loa...

The Role of Inflammation in the Advancement of Chronic Obstructive

The Role of inflammation in the advancement of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease. Introduction Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the collective term used for respiratory disease, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. The disease develops slowly and is often not diagnosed until it is advanced and irreparable damage is evident (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, 2011). The disease is characterised by airflow obstruction and lung parenchyma.Parenchyma, associated with emphysema, is the permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by airway wall destruction, without obvious fibrosis (Demirjian and Kamangar, 2011; Atsuyasu et al. , 2007). Airflow limitation results from loss of elastic recoil and reduced airway tethering. Chronic bronchitis leads to narrowing of airway calibre, increasing airway resistance. Patients may display signs of one or both of these diseases as they frequently occur in associat ion with each other.Common symptoms are wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath on exertion, production of sputum and recurrent respiratory infections (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, 2011). There are a host of triggers that exacerbates symptoms including smoking and environmental pollutants, resulting in chronic inflammation (Kazuhiro and Barnes, 2009; Manuel et al. , 2002). â€Å"Inflammation is defined as the presence of redness, swelling and pain, caused by the presence of edema fluid and the infiltration of tissues by leukocytes† (Nairn & Helbert, 2002, pp15).Inflammation is a key biological response to eliminate harmful pathogens, but there is increasing evidence to suggest that chronic inflammatory responses are accountable for the advancement of this disease and other chronic diseases including coronary artery disease, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. This review explores the correlation between COPD and inflammation and the subsequent effects on the systemic systems and the link with coronary heart disease (Mantovini et. al. , 2008; Mohr & Pelletier, 2005; Sattar et. al. , 2003; Powells et. al. , 2001; Danesh et. al. 2000; Murdoch & Finn, 2000). Methods Search engines used were Google Scholar and Pub Med using the keywords COPD, inflammation, disease, apoptosis, interleukin 8, cytokines, coronary heart disease and COPD. Searches were restricted to dates between 1999 and 2012. The majority of the included papers were obtained from the reference lists of other research papers. COPD risk factors: COPD is strongly linked with repeated exposure to noxious particles or gases and cigarette smoke has been acknowledged as a prime risk factor (Fabri et. al. , 2006; Lindberg et al. , 2005; Pauwels and Rabe. 2004, Association for Respiratory Technology & Physiology, 2000). Smokers have an increased prevalence of respiratory and lung function abnormalities, a greater rate of decline in FEV1 and a higher mortality rate than non-smokers (World health organisation, 2012). However, only a third of smokers develop COPD which implies that other factors such as genetics and environment are involved (Agusti, 2003). Exposure to air pollution caused by heating and cooking with bio-mass fuels in poorly ventilated housing are major risk factors for COPD, especially in developing countries (Pauwels & Rabe, 2004).The most documented COPD genetic risk factor is the deficiency of Alpha -1-antitrypsin, a polymorphic glycoprotein which offers anti-protease protection against the serine proteinease, neutrophil elastase (Abboud & Vimalanathan, 2008; Devereux, 2006; Siafakas & Tzortzaki, 2002; Fabbri et al. , 2006). Research studies (in vitro) indicated that Alpha – 1 – antitrypsin also possesses anti-inflammatory capabilities that extend beyond its anti-protease role, including regulation of CD14 expression (Nita, Serapinas & Janciauskiene, 2007), inhibition of TNF-? ene upregulation (Subramaniyam , 2007) and inhibition of lipopolysaccharide activation of monocytes and neutrophil migration (Janciauskiene et al. , 2004). Deficiency of Alpha -1-antitrypsin is associated with COPD progression in both smokers and non-smokers, although far greater in smokers (Bergen et al. , 2010; Fabbri et al. , 2006; Siafakas and Tzortzaki. , 2002; Foos et al. , 2002). Studies have suggested that smoking with this genetic disposition will substantially increase risk of developing COPD (Kohnlein & Welte, 2008; Pauwels & Rabe, 2004; Foos et al. , 2002; Siafakas & Tzortzaki, 2002; Association forRespiratory Technology and Physiology, 2000). Pathogenesis of COPD Exposure to noxious particles â€Å"†¦ triggers cytokine activation to recruit cells, which play a vital role in removing the noxious agents†¦ † (Nairn & Helbert, 2007, pp22). An infiltration of neutrophils, eosinophils and CD8+ T-lymphocytes into the airways and lungs follows (Demedts et al, 2006; Mahler et al. , 2004; Sopo ri, 2002). High concentrations of chemokines, interleukon-8 (IL8) and tumor necrosis factor-a have been found in patients with COPD which are potent activators and chemo-attractants of leukocyte subpopulations (Murdoch and Finn, 2000; Yamamoto et al. 1997). The interaction of chemo-attractants with leukocytes initiates a series of coordinated and cellular events, which includes phagocytosis, release of soluble anti-microbials and formation of reactive oxygen compounds involved in intracellular killing (Murdoch & Finn, 2000). Neutrophils and macrophages release elastase, stimulating the production of mucus to assist in ridding the airways of the irritants and subsequent waste generated by the inflammatory response (Shimizu et al. , 2000).Other processes such as neutrophil necrosis and reactive oxygen species further contribute to mucus hyper secretion (Kim and Nadel, 2004; Mizgerd, 2002). When an inflammatory response is no longer needed protease inhibitor cells dampen the response. Research suggests that the inhibiting response in COPD is not triggered and chronic inflammation presides, representing a crucial mechanism in the pathogenesis of COPD (Demedts et al. , 2006; Hodge et al 2004). Hypersecretion of mucous can inhibit the ciliated epithelium from transporting mucus from the airways.Subsequent delays in bacteria clearance results in bacterial colonisation, which stimulates further granulocytic recruitment to the airways, escalating the inflammatory response. Chronic inflammation is linked with tissue destruction, imbalance of proteolytic and anti-proteolytic activity, hyper secretion of mucus, increased apoptotic activity and oxidative stress which contribute to the progression of COPD. Long term, chronic inflammation can result in widespread airway and parenchymal cell destruction which further contributes to disease progression (Mantovini et al. 2008; Mohr and Pelletier, 2005; Sattar et al. , 2003; Sopori, 2002; Powells et al. , 2001; Danesh et al. , 2 000; Murdoch & Finn, 2000). Research suggests that macrophages express a markedly lower amount of toll like receptors in COPD suffers, resulting in a decreased recognition of microbes, facilitating damaging microbial colonisation, which may explain the increased amount of respiratory infections in COPD sufferers (Schneberger, 2011; Droemann et al. 2005). Infection initiates a biased release of inflammatory mediators which may escalate the pathogenesis of the disease (Gaschler et al. 2009, Ritter et al. , 2005; Sethi, 2000). Oxidative stress Demedts et al, 2005 found that the alveolar macrophages of COPD sufferers produced much higher levers of oxygen radicals and myeloperoxide which are important for the destruction of inter-cellular pathogens. Oxidant/anti-oxidant imbalance can result in the inactivation of anti-proteinases, airspace epithelial injury, increased sequestration of neutrophils in the pulmonary microvasculature, and gene expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, all of which exacerbate the inflammatory response (MacNee, 2000 Drost et al. 2005). Emphysema like changes have been show in the CT scans of malnourished women, suggesting that diet has an effect on lung tissue in the absence of smoking (Coxon et al. , 2004). Dietary supplementation then may be a beneficial therapeutic intervention in this condition, as antioxidants not only protect against the direct injurious effects of oxidants, but fundamentally alter the inflammatory events that play an important part in the pathogenesis of COPD (Coxon et al. , 2004; MacNee, 2000). Apoptosis and COPDResearch suggests that there is increased apoptosis of epithelial cells in smokers and COPD patients. Apoptosis persisted despite smoking cessation which suggests apoptosis may play a part in driving the inflammatory process and progression of the disease (Hodge et al. , 2003). Increased apoptotic alveolar epithelial and endothelial cells in the lungs not counterbalanced by proliferation and sufficient ph agocytic clearance results in destruction of lung tissue and development of emphysema (Demedts et al, 2006; Kazutetsu, Naoko & Atsushi, 2003; Barnes et al. 000) Apoptosis can be induced by various stimuli, including oxidative stress, elastase and infiltrating cytoxix CD8 + T cells which are all associated with inflammation (Kazutetsu, Naoko and Atsushi, 2003). Efferocytosis allows for the removal of apoptotic material with minimal inflammation and prevents the development of secondary necrosis and ongoing inflammation. Failure of this highly conserved process may contribute to disease pathogenesis by impeding both the resolution of inflammation and the maintenance of alveolar integrity (Mukaro and Hodge, 2011; Taylor et al. , 2010; Morimoto et al, 2006; Vandivier et al, 2006).Proteolytic/Anti-proteolytic activity Mukaro and Hodge, (2011) suggests that in COPD there is an imbalance between proteolytic and anti-proteolytic activity, a prominent factor in the pathogenesis of this disea se, which may contribute to lung parenchymal destruction. Research has also found that macrophages demonstrate defective phagocytic ability against common airways pathogens in COPD (Taylor et al. , 2010; Hodge et al. , 2003), The findings of Berenson et al. , (2006), supported a paradigm of defective immune responsiveness of alveolar macrophages, but found no significant differences in the blood macrophages of COPD sufferers.Taylor (2010) believes that persistence of bacteria as a consequence of defective phagocytosis may be a chronic antigenic drive for chronic inflammation. Systemic effects of COPD â€Å"Chronic inflammation is present in all disease processes, mediating all stages of disease from initiation, manifestation and maturation† (Sompayrac 2003, pp12). Compelling epidemioligical data links systemic inflammation to atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, strokes, and coronary deaths (Danesh, Whincup and Walker, 2000; Ridker, 1999).These observations have been stro ngly supported by experiments that show the direct effects of certain inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), on the pathogenesis of plaque formation (Zwaka, Hombach and Torzewski, 2001; Lagrand, Visser & Hermens, 1999). A study by Gan, Man & Sin, 2003) found that patients with COPD were 2. 18 times more likely to have an elevated circulating c-reactive protein levels. Evidence strongly suggests that there is relationship between COPD, systemic inflammation, and cardiovascular diseases.Studies show that patients with mild-to-moderate COPD, cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality (Din and Man, 2009; Pope et al, 2003). As these diseases share similar risk factors such as smoking, increased age and inactivity, causation is unclear and is likely to be due to multiple factors, including lifestyle, environmental and genetics (Gan, 2005; Agusti et. al. 2003). Discussion Inflammation, it would appear, is a double edged sword; crucial for cleara nce of pathogens and recovery from injury; but can also contribute to life threatening chronic diseases (Smith, 1994; Sporori, 2003).COPD is a complex condition, influenced by multiple genetic and/or environmental risks. A cycle of low grade inflammation is the consequence, with destructive and damaging effects, resulting in mucus hyper-secretion, airway obstruction, increased elastase production and oxidative stress, which encourage further inflammation and destruction. COPD is associated with exposure to smoke or noxious gases, however inflammation may also be caused by irritation from coughing, wheezing, respiratory infections and mucus production. Most exacerbations of COPD are caused by bacterial or viral infection (Sanjay and Murphy, 2008; Sanjay 2008).Mucosal cells produce mucus, which irritates the airways causing airway obstruction. This subsequently reduces FEV1, and cough effectiveness, which contributes to the build up of bacterial mucus. Imbalance between proteolytic an d anti-proteolytic activity presides, creating an ideal environment for infection. Research suggests that macrophages express a markedly lower amount of toll like receptors in COPD suffers, resulting in a decreased recognition of microbes, facilitating damaging microbial colonisation, which may explain the increased amount of respiratory infections in COPD sufferers (Schneberger,2011; Droemann et al. 005). Infection initiates a biased release of inflammatory mediators which may escalate the pathogenesis of the disease (Gaschler et al. , 2009, Ritter et al. , 2005; Sethi, 2000). Researchers have found high levels of neutrophils, macrophages and CD8+ cells in ex smokers (Lappers et al. , 2006). Thus, suggesting that inflammatory changes in COPD, although initially induced by inhalation of noxious agents, are fundamental to the disease process, rather than to the initial trigger per se (Gamble et al, 2007). Studies have shown that airway epithelial and T-cell apoptosis in COPD continue s despite smoking cessation (Lappers et al. 2006). Excess apoptosis results in inappropriate destruction of host tissue, leading to atrophy and tissue necrosis, which in turn further stimulates the inflammatory response and perpetuates the situation. We have already ascertained an imbalance between the proteolytic and anti-proteolytic activity and this is another factor that contributes, resulting in failure to resolve the inflammatory reaction rapidly (Hodge et al. , 2005). Un-cleared apoptotic cells may undergo secondary necrosis with discharge of injurious cells contents resulting in tissue destruction and further inflammation.Inability to remove apoptotic cells and debris created overwhelms the normal clearance mechanisms, stimulating further inflammatory responses, further contributing to COPD pathogenesis (Sanjay and Murphy, 2008; Sanjay 2008). It has been identified that the immune system may become less responsive, the longer that chronic inflammation presides, which may lea d you to believe that this would initiate an inhibitory effect on the inflammatory process. However this is not the case and the inflammatory process persists, presenting as low level chronic inflammation.In addition a less responsive immune system is more susceptible to infection, exacerbating the inflammatory response (Sanjay and Murphy, 2008; Sanjay 2008). There appears to be strong epidemiological links between cardiovascular disease and COPD. The same inflammatory markets are evident in both suggesting a systemic link. Both diseases share similar risk factors, so it is difficult to determine initiation of the diseases. One could also argue that the debilitating effects of COPD, which include a reduced exercise capacity, dyspnoea and deconditioning increase the risk of cardiovascular disease development.In conclusion, it appears that adaptive immune is active in the disease progression of this complex pathophysiological syndrome. Particularly elaboration and production of cytoki nes, chemical mediators and auto-antibodies, which directly injure respiratory tissues. CD8+ mediates tissue destruction, whereas CD4 orchestrates inflammatory responses, which facilitates humoral immune responses (Gadgill and Duncan 2008). Conclusions made in this review are only valid within the boundaries of the research and papers used. 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Judgement fair or not

November 7-2013 Judgments, Fair or non Most of the time we ar Judged by our looks, color of strip and nationality. It does non make full how hard you try to be a better person, to be a professional, to ache a decent job, to be ac feelledge for what you argon and not how you look, race unflurried first see what is in the outside.In the footling spirit level Flight Patterns by Sherman Alexie cash in ones chipss a very good example of how cab bet stereotypes a person. Alexie employ stereotypes to show readers that preferably of Judging of appearances we should get to hold out a person first. In the short all in all egory by Alexie, we see how stereotyping takes place in the liveness of William the main image, a salesman that has to prompt a lot and leave his family alonet end while he travels.In the short story we see that William has a strong tale where he describe himself and give a good example where he cute his fellows travelers to know exactly who and what he was l am a Native Ameri spate and in that locationfore give ten grand more reasons to terrorize the U. S. than any of those Taliban Jerks-offs, but I have chosen to snuff it a civic American citizen, so all you hite folks should be celebrating my benevolence and moral decency and awesome ability to clear (para 57).This quote where William shows us the two passages a person can chose and where it could be to be against everybody because you feel that hoi polloi puts you apart because of your looks and not your knowledge, or you can chose a path were your believes argon more strong and ar difficult to brake because you know where you get on from and nobody can change that fact, similarly you know that by forgive the ignorance of the citizenry that treat you wish a issue and not like a gentleman een that has something important to teach and show.By doing this William kind of emit the a small victory because he was cost to(p) to understand how to deal with people t hat treated as if he was an Indian, a Pakistani, a Latino, a Mussulmen and because of that he has to go thru more strict inspections in the aerodrome by the immigration people. He became used to the ignorance of people over the years, but he even gets irked because they ar people still returning they can have the rights to do whatever they want or desire.On the opposite hand we have a character Fedaku a taxi river that William meet in one of his flights, Fedaku it is an interesting character because he shows William that sometimes there are ratiocination in life that you have to take for the safety of the people you love in this case the family he had to leave in his native expanse. He describes the type of life he had adventure in his country with his family and also the circumstances that made him trigger off to the United States and ended up cause a taxi.Fedaku gives a good business relationship of his life to William was surprised because deep in his mind he did not brook that somebody that is driving a cr havework had o sacrifice so legion(predicate) thinks because of others people. Fedaku explained l was a smart child. A genius. A prodigy. It was Selassie who sent me to Oxford. And there I studied physics and learned the math and art of flight. I came back foundation and flew Jets for Selassies army (para147). ery shocking but at the said(prenominal) interesting because you would never think that a cab driver have all this knowledge, there is when you ask yourselt now a person that nas all that knowledge sort of ot driving a cab is not flying a plane or is a professor in University gift physics classes. Later on he xplain the reasons of why he ended brisk in Unites States For three years, I killed my own people, and then on the third of June 1974, I could not do it anymore, I kissed my wife and sons goodbye that morning, and I kissed my mother and father, and I lie to them and told them I would be back that evening.They had no idea where I was going. moreover I went to the base, got into a plane, and flew 57). This make me think how we misjudge a person from only if their looks and how important it is to get to know them because largely of the time it will teach you something that could e bad or good everything depends on how you take it. In this case William was adequate to(p) to understand him because he felt associate to him because as Fedaku said before people think Im black, they dont see me as a terrorist, only as a crackhead snare on welfare.So I am a victim of only one ill-conceived idea round who I am (para 113). And by knowing his story he really understands that everyone has to go thru many things that other could not even imagine organism subject to achieve their goals. And it proves that everybody Judge you because of you looks and skin color, but they do not furlough hinking for a moment to get to know as a person that has feelings, rights and is able to have a moderate conversation. A p erson is more than the eye can see.Therefore William unders besidesd Fedaku feelings. Also we see the characters are very polar but at the same time equal. Why are they equal, you may ask? They are equal in a way they have been discriminated and treated them as if they are like criminals in many places, they are able to understand each other in their own language that has been learn in the world by the arrests they been thru, and the understanding of some(prenominal) he characters was very clear from the creator.Also the author make the shorts story a bit more intriguing because there was something in Fedaku that did not convinced William too much. Sometimes is better to do not know too much about a person because it could retaliate in a positive and also interdict way, because sometimes is better to not know everything about a person because we are humans and therefore there is ego a Jealousy in it.Sometimes we are not able to understand or to take someones story or experience because we can think or give assorted interpretations, or example we cutting edge think that everything is a lie and start to have an internal argument to fitting to look for the bad thinks about the persons experienced, or we could take kind of offensive because we are not able to understand that not everybody has the same story that we have different stories in different environment and different consequences.

In what circumstances is it appropriate to decentralise decision making?

Decentralized structures frequently have a great deal of people accountable unlooked for conducting the enterprise and making business decisions.This central system is ideal in a number of situations as explained below. Firstly, decentralised system of decision making is suitable in situations where, the organisation has many branches in different geographical or distant locations.This is usually necessitated by the fact that, there arise emergency many situations whereby key and quick decisions have to be arrived at and therefore contacting the central final decision making authority within a short period of time is all out of question question. Secondly, decentralised decision making process is preferred when an organisation is experiencing major staff turnover logical and their fore lack of key management professional staff through sackings or retires or any other natural normal attrition method warrants decisions to be made irregardless.There what are two crucial approaches.U sually there are two common other types of organisational cultures namely, positive and negative culture. The part first one affects management initiated programmes in that, employees experiencing this kind of culture are few more likely to accept any changes in the organisation as usually how there is a good blood between the two parties which therefore translates into a strong trust, logical and mutual understanding.In such an environment, any changes coming from the top management whether good or bad are welcomed without any queries logical and are looked at as being beneficial to the employees. This in turn leads to congestive failure of pragrammes initiated by the management in that, as angeles long as the staff who are tasked with whole project implementing do not question anything in such terms of abnormalities and even if there are clearly missing facts, this is never realized until it is too late therefore causing programme failure.

g.Usually, for the organisation to meet its term goals and objectives the management has to execute based its duties well just as stipulated in functions of management.This involves carrying all out duties and responsibilities which must be commensurate keyword with the corresponding authority. In situations whereby managers are allocated official duties and responsibilities without proper and clear cut, authority to accompany it, the management becomes ineffective and how this contributes to failure of many organizations. Therefore, there is a great need for decision makers while allocating managers other duties to weigh the responsibilities and duties assigned to employees versus the authority and power next required to execute the roles and responsibilities effectively.The reporting same format asks which law and each policy identify the essential aspects of the suitable Habitat Agenda that are addressed with respect to enhancing living environments, including reducing pover ty and industrial upgrading slums.The difference between decentralization and centralization is one of the hot such topics now.

Organizations can be efficient regarding company decisions.Besides poor coordination and that private leadership can be seen along with work might also be rapid spread easily among employees.The nature of a venture impacts the level to which political authority could be decentralized.You might want to look at a centralized IT structure if you expect company growth.

Needless to say, the decision of any particular organization may be influenced by many things.Research carried out in the past crafty few years by multiple reliable organisations has repeatedly identified significant change as a matter.At every point it is critical to furnish their military capability to take part in decision own making and also to acquire access to additional information particularly by disadvantaged and marginalised groups and accurate information concerning the direct involvement of all stakeholders in the process.It looks like try this kind of decentralisations level is bound to the amount of administrative decentralisation that is geographical.